{"id":4464,"date":"2025-12-11T10:40:01","date_gmt":"2025-12-11T07:40:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/factcheck.lt\/?p=4464"},"modified":"2025-12-12T14:45:49","modified_gmt":"2025-12-12T11:45:49","slug":"day11_french_expulsion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/factcheck.lt\/lt\/news\/day11_french_expulsion\/","title":{"rendered":"11 diena: Pranc\u016bzijos i\u0161varymas","raw":"11 diena: Pranc\u016bzijos i\u0161varymas"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Regionas:<\/strong> \ud83c\uddf2\ud83c\uddf1\ud83c\udde7\ud83c\uddeb\ud83c\uddf3\ud83c\uddea Malis, Burkina Fasas, Nigeris<\/p>\n<p>Kelias savaites prie\u0161 2022 m. rugs\u0117jo perversm\u0105 Burkina Fase Facebook \u012fvyko ka\u017ekas ne\u012fprasto. \u012esitraukimas \u012f \u012fra\u0161us, kuriuose minima Wagnerio grup\u0117, i\u0161augo 6363 procentais. Protestuose prad\u0117jo rodytis Rusijos v\u0117liavos. Minios skandavo \u201e\u0160alin Pranc\u016bzij\u0105, tegyvuoja Putinas&#8221;.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-1\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-1\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Perversmas pavyko. Per kelis m\u0117nesius 400 Pranc\u016bzijos speciali\u0173j\u0173 paj\u0117g\u0173 kari\u0173 buvo i\u0161vyta. Scenarijus jau buvo pasikarto\u0119s Malyje. Jis pasikartos Nigeryje. Iki 2025 m. prad\u017eios Pranc\u016bzijos karinis buvimas Sahelyje &#8211; palaikomas beveik septyniasde\u0161imt met\u0173 &#8211; visi\u0161kai \u017elugo.<\/p>\n<p>Tai nebuvo spontani\u0161ka. Tai buvo sure\u017eisuota.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Scenarijus<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Afrikos strategini\u0173 studij\u0173 centras u\u017efiksavo 189 dezinformacijos kampanijas, nukreiptas prie\u0161 Afrikos \u017eemyn\u0105 &#8211; beveik keturis kartus daugiau nei nustatyta 2022 m. Rusija remia 80 i\u0161 j\u0173, o tai sudaro beveik 40 procent\u0173 vis\u0173 dezinformacijos operacij\u0173 Afrikoje, nukreipt\u0173 \u012f daugiau nei 22 \u0161alis.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-2\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-2\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Sahelis tapo epicentru.<\/p>\n<p>Scenarijus vyksta nuoseklia schema. Pirmiausia su Rusija susij\u0119 socialini\u0173 tinkl\u0173 paskyros sustiprina teis\u0117tus nusiskundimus &#8211; kolonijin\u0119 istorij\u0105, nepavykusias Vakar\u0173 intervencijas, d\u017eihadist\u0173 smurt\u0105, kurio Pranc\u016bzijos paj\u0117gos negal\u0117jo sustabdyti. Tada koordinuoti netikr\u0173 paskyr\u0173, apmokam\u0173 \u012ftaking\u0173 asmen\u0173 ir \u201efran\u0161izuot\u0173&#8221; vietini\u0173 turinio k\u016br\u0117j\u0173 tinklai u\u017etvindo platformas prorusi\u0161kais, antipranc\u016bzi\u0161kais prane\u0161imais. Galiausiai, kai \u012fvyksta perversmai, tie patys tinklai \u0161ven\u010dia juos kaip antikolonijin\u012f i\u0161sivadavim\u0105.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-3\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-3\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Malyje Skaitmenini\u0173 teismo tyrim\u0173 laboratorija (DFRLab) nustat\u0117 Facebook puslapi\u0173 tinkl\u0105, kuris koordinavo param\u0105 Wagneriui ir karinei chuntai m\u0117nesiais prie\u0161 Pranc\u016bzijos pasitraukim\u0105. Puslapiai, tariamai labdaros ir bendruomen\u0117s organizacijos, skelb\u0117 turin\u012f koordinuotomis bangomis, kenkdami Pranc\u016bzijos interesams ir mobilizuodami visuomen\u0117s param\u0105 autoritariniam valdymui. Vienas puslapis, orientuotas \u012f platesn\u012f Sahel\u012f, prad\u0117jo raginti \u201erevoliucij\u0105&#8221; visame regione.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-4\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-4\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Kai 2023 m. liep\u0105 Nigeryje \u012fvyko perversmas, infrastrukt\u016bra jau buvo paruo\u0161ta. T\u016bkstan\u010diai \u017eygiavo per Niam\u0117j\u0173, mojuodami Rusijos v\u0117liavomis, skanduodami Putino vard\u0105 ir padegdami Pranc\u016bzijos ambasados duris. Plakatuose buvo para\u0161yta \u201e\u0160alin Pranc\u016bzij\u0105, tegyvuoja Putinas&#8221;. Rusijos turinio k\u016br\u0117jai melagingai teig\u0117, kad ECOWAS planavo invazij\u0105 &#8211; naratyv\u0105, kur\u012f paneig\u0117 ECOWAS lyderiai, bet kuris buvo pla\u010diai tikimas.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-5\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-5\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><strong>Grandinin\u0117 reakcija<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Seka buvo steb\u0117tinai vienoda visose trijose \u0161alyse.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Malis (2020-2022):<\/strong> Du perversmai per devynis m\u0117nesius. Chunta i\u0161var\u0117 Pranc\u016bzijos ambasadori\u0173 2022 m. saus\u012f. Atvyko Wagnerio paj\u0117gos, galiausiai siekian\u010dios daugiau nei 1000. Pranc\u016bzija i\u0161ved\u0117 operacij\u0105 \u201eBarkhane&#8221; 2022 m. lapkrit\u012f po de\u0161imtme\u010dio kovos su terorizmu operacij\u0173.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-6\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-6\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><strong>Burkina Fasas (2022):<\/strong> Du perversmai per a\u0161tuonis m\u0117nesius. Kapitonas Ibrahimas Traor\u0117 u\u017egrob\u0117 vald\u017ei\u0105 2022 m. rugs\u0117j\u012f tarp protest\u0173, kurie puol\u0117 Pranc\u016bzijos ambasad\u0105. Iki 2023 m. sausio vyriausyb\u0117 nutrauk\u0117 gynybos sutartis ir pareikalavo Pranc\u016bzijos kari\u0173 i\u0161vedimo per m\u0117nes\u012f.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-7\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-7\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><strong>Nigeris (2023):<\/strong> Prezidento gvardija sulaik\u0117 i\u0161rinkt\u0105 prezident\u0105 Mohamed\u0105 Bazoum\u0105 liep\u0105. Antipranc\u016bzi\u0161ki protestai i\u0161kart \u012fsipliesk\u0117 su Rusijos v\u0117liavomis. Pranc\u016bzija i\u0161ved\u0117 1500 kari\u0173 iki met\u0173 pabaigos. Amerikos paj\u0117gos sek\u0117 paskui, palikdamos Niger\u012f iki 2024 m. rugpj\u016b\u010dio.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-8\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-8\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Kai kuri\u0173 demonstracij\u0173 inscenizuotas pob\u016bdis buvo u\u017efiksuotas realiu laiku. The Daily Beast identifikavo ma\u017eiausiai \u0161e\u0161is prorusi\u0161ko protesto Malyje dalyvius, kurie buvo karini\u0173 pareig\u016bn\u0173 giminai\u010diai &#8211; broliai, seserys, pusbroliai, kareivi\u0173 \u017emonos. Dalyviai pripa\u017eino, kad susitiko karin\u0117je baz\u0117je Kati renginiui planuoti. \u201eTaip, tiesa, kad susitikome Kati planuoti demonstracij\u0105, &#8211; pripa\u017eino vienas, &#8211; bet padar\u0117me tai, nes tikime, kad armija nori gero Maliui&#8221;.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-9\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-9\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><strong>Sahelio valstybi\u0173 aljansas<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>2023 m. rugs\u0117jo 16 d. trys chunt\u0173 valdomos \u0161alys oficialiai \u012fformino savo susivienijim\u0105, sukurdamos Sahelio valstybi\u0173 aljans\u0105 (SVA) &#8211; savitarpio gynybos pakt\u0105, atvirai atmetant\u012f Vakar\u0173 \u012ftak\u0105.<\/p>\n<p>Aljansas greitai gil\u0117jo. 2024 m. saus\u012f visos trys paskelb\u0117 apie pasitraukim\u0105 i\u0161 ECOWAS, regioninio ekonominio bloko. 2024 m. liep\u0105 jos pavert\u0117 aljans\u0105 pilna konfederacija su bendra gynyba, ekonomine integracija ir bendros valiutos planais. 2025 m. sausio 29 d. pasitraukimas i\u0161 ECOWAS \u012fsigaliojo, u\u017ebaigdamas penkiasde\u0161imt met\u0173 regionin\u0117s integracijos.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-10\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-10\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Simbolika buvo ty\u010din\u0117. SVA pristat\u0117 nauj\u0105 v\u0117liav\u0105 su trij\u0173 \u0161ali\u0173 \u017eem\u0117lapiu be vidini\u0173 sien\u0173 &#8211; atvirai atmesdamas tai, k\u0105 nariai vadino \u201ekolonijin\u0117mis sienomis&#8221;, nubr\u0117\u017etomis 1884 m. Berlyno konferencijoje. Jie paleido bendrus biometrinius pasus. Jie suk\u016br\u0117 5000 kari\u0173 jungtines ginkluot\u0105sias paj\u0117gas.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-11\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-11\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Kaip pa\u017eym\u0117jo vienas tyr\u0117jas, chuntos pozicionavo save kaip \u201enaujos eros Sahelyje \u0161auklius&#8221;, tik\u0117damos, kad karin\u0117s vyriausyb\u0117s gali efektyviau susidoroti su nesaugumu nei demokratijos.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-12\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-12\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Rusija greitai u\u017epild\u0117 vakuum\u0105. Afrikos korpusas &#8211; Wagnerio \u012fp\u0117dinis Rusijos gynybos ministerijos kontrol\u0117je &#8211; buvo dislokuotas visose trijose \u0161alyse. Rus\u0173 namai (kult\u016bros centrai, kartu veikiantys kaip propagandos centrai) atsidar\u0117 Malyje (2022 m. bir\u017eelis), Burkina Fase (2024 m. sausis) ir Nigeryje (2024 m. spalis). RT paskelb\u0117 apie planus \u012fsteigti anglakalb\u012f medij\u0173 centr\u0105 Piet\u0173 Afrikoje aptarnauti \u017eemyn\u0105.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-13\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-13\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><strong>Informacin\u0117 erdv\u0117<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tai, kas nutiko nepriklausomai \u017einiasklaidai Sahelyje, iliustruoja, kaip dezinformacijos operacijos atveria keli\u0105 autoritarinei konsolidacijai.<\/p>\n<p>Radio France International ir France 24 buvo u\u017edraustos. U\u017esienio \u017eurnalistai buvo i\u0161vyti &#8211; \u012fskaitant du Pranc\u016bzijos reporterius, pa\u0161alintus i\u0161 Burkina Faso 2024 m. baland\u012f po koordinuotos \u0161mei\u017eto kampanijos. Vietiniams \u017eurnalistams buvo dar blogiau. \u201eB\u016bti \u017eurnalistu Nigeryje rei\u0161kia giedoti chuntai \u0161lov\u0119, tyl\u0117ti arba eiti \u012f tremt\u012f, kad neatsidurtum kal\u0117jime&#8221;, &#8211; Forbidden Stories anonimi\u0161kai sak\u0117 vienas reporteris.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-14\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-14\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Le Monde u\u017efiksavo, kad iki 2023 m. pabaigos Rusijos agentai buvo infiltruoti \u012f Burkina Faso \u017evalgybos tarnyb\u0105, pad\u0117dami chuntai steb\u0117ti oponentus, vykdyti \u012ftakos operacijas ir mokyti vietinius propagandistus. Kapitono Traor\u0117 broliai Inoussa ir Kassoumas tapo tokie \u012fgud\u0119 socialini\u0173 tinkl\u0173 operacijose, kad prad\u0117jo vykdyti kampanijas, nukreiptas prie\u0161 kaimynines vyriausybes, tokias kaip Dramblio Kaulo Krantas.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-15\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-15\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Modelis kartojo tai, kas veik\u0117 Centrin\u0117s Afrikos Respublikoje. Informatorius, pab\u0117g\u0119s i\u0161 CAR, apra\u0161\u0117, kaip j\u012f verbavo organizuoti prorusi\u0161k\u0173 ekspert\u0173 pasirodymus radijuje ir ra\u0161yti straipsnius, \u201ei\u0161 dalies tiesiogiai diktuotus Rusijos tarpinink\u0173&#8221;. Pana\u0161ios troli\u0173 fabrikos atsirado visame Sahelyje, \u012fdarbindamos jaunus \u017emones, kuriems mok\u0117jo u\u017e oponent\u0173 steb\u0117jim\u0105 ir re\u017eimo naratyv\u0173 stiprinim\u0105.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-16\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-16\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Vien du su Rusija susij\u0119 dezinformacijos \u012ftakingi asmenys turi bendr\u0105 socialini\u0173 tinkl\u0173 auditorij\u0105, vir\u0161ijan\u010di\u0105 28 milijonus vartotoj\u0173. J\u0173 turin\u012f sustiprina \u0161imtai su Rusija susijusi\u0173 paskyr\u0173 ir puslapi\u0173 tame, k\u0105 tyr\u0117jai vadina \u201ei\u0161si\u0161akojusia ekosistema&#8221; koordinuoto neautenti\u0161ko elgesio.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-17\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-17\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><strong>Rezultatai<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Chuntos \u017ead\u0117jo saugum\u0105. Jos atne\u0161\u0117 katastrof\u0105.<\/p>\n<p>Nuo tada, kai Pranc\u016bzija prad\u0117jo trauktis 2022 m., su konfliktais susijusi\u0173 mir\u010di\u0173 skai\u010dius Sahelyje i\u0161augo 65 procentais, pagal Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED). Iki 2024 m. metin\u0117s aukos pasiek\u0117 25 000 &#8211; beveik penkis kartus daugiau nei 5400 2017 m.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-18\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-18\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Apie pus\u0117 Burkina Faso yra u\u017e vyriausyb\u0117s kontrol\u0117s rib\u0173. 2024 m. liep\u0105 de\u0161imtys Malio kariuomen\u0117s ir Rusijos Wagnerio grup\u0117s kareivi\u0173 buvo nu\u017eudyti pra\u017e\u016btingoje tuareg\u0173 sukil\u0117li\u0173 pasaloje \u0161iaur\u0117s Malyje. Analitikai \u012fsp\u0117ja, kad pati Uagadugu gali kristi d\u017eihadist\u0173 grup\u0117ms, kai kurie baiminasi \u201eSomalio scenarijaus&#8221;, kai nacionalin\u0117 vyriausyb\u0117 kontroliuoja tik savo apgult\u0105 sostin\u0119.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-19\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-19\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Beveik 2,9 milijono \u017emoni\u0173 buvo priversti palikti savo namus d\u0117l smurto vien centriniame Sahelyje 2022 m. Apie 29 milijonai reikia humanitarin\u0117s pagalbos &#8211; 5 milijonai i\u0161 j\u0173 vaikai. Gyventojai, b\u0117gantys i\u0161 Burkina Faso, dabar ie\u0161ko prieglobs\u010dio net \u0160iaur\u0117s Afrikoje ir Europoje.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-20\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-20\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Terorizmas, kuris tariamai pateisin\u0117 perversmus, tik sustipr\u0117jo. Pagal Pasaulin\u012f terorizmo indeks\u0105 2025, metin\u0117s su konfliktais susijusios mirtys Sahelyje padaug\u0117jo penkis kartus nuo 2017 iki 2024 m. Nei ECOWAS, nei Pranc\u016bzija negal\u0117jo sustabdyti \u0161ios trajektorijos &#8211; bet nei Wagneris, nei Afrikos korpusas taip pat negali.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-21\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-21\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><strong>Kognityvinis karas<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Rusijos dezinformacija Sahelyje iliustruoja tai, k\u0105 kariniai strategai vadina \u201edviprasmi\u0161ku karu&#8221; &#8211; nusiskundim\u0173 stiprinimas, skilim\u0173 i\u0161naudojimas ir fragmentacijos skatinimas, i\u0161laikant tik\u0117tin\u0105 neigim\u0105.<\/p>\n<p>Tikslas, pa\u017eymi tyr\u0117jai, yra \u201ene tiek \u012ftikinti, kiek supainioti&#8221; &#8211; kuriant klaidingus ekvivalentus tarp demokratini\u0173 ir autoritarini\u0173 veik\u0117j\u0173, kuriant nusivylim\u0105 ir apatij\u0105. Kai pilie\u010diai negali atskirti tiesos nuo manipuliacijos, jie tampa pa\u017eeid\u017eiami tam, kas kontroliuoja garsiausi\u0105 megafon\u0105.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-22\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-22\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Nusiskundimai, kuriuos i\u0161naudoja Rusija, yra tikri. Pranc\u016bzijos kolonijin\u0117 istorija paliko gilias \u017eaizdas. Vakar\u0173 karin\u0117s intervencijos nesugeb\u0117jo sustabdyti d\u017eihadist\u0173 smurto. I\u0161rinktos vyriausyb\u0117s da\u017enai pasirod\u0117 korumpuotos ir nereaguojan\u010dios. 2021-2022 m. Afrobarometer tyrimas parod\u0117, kad nors du tre\u010ddaliai afrikie\u010di\u0173 teikia pirmenyb\u0119 demokratijai, tik 38 procentai patenkinti tuo, kaip ji veikia j\u0173 \u0161alyse.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-23\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-23\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Rusija nesuk\u016br\u0117 \u0161i\u0173 frustracij\u0173. Bet sistemingai jas stiprindama ir si\u016blydama karines chuntas kaip alternatyv\u0105, Maskva pad\u0117jo u\u017etikrinti, kad teis\u0117ti poky\u010di\u0173 reikalavimai atne\u0161t\u0173 rezultatus, tarnaujan\u010dius Rusijos interesams, o ne Afrikos gyventojams.<\/p>\n<p>Kaip vienas Malio \u017eurnalistas sak\u0117 tyr\u0117jams: jis bijojo Rusijos internetini\u0173 samdini\u0173, \u201ekuriems vald\u017eia moka eiti \u012f socialinius tinklus ir pie\u0161ti tave kaip \u017emog\u0173, kur\u012f reikia sunaikinti&#8221;.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-24\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-24\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>I\u0161vytos Pranc\u016bzijos paj\u0117gos niekada nei\u0161sprend\u0117 Sahelio saugumo kriz\u0117s. Bet j\u0173 rusi\u0161ki pakaitalai taip pat nei\u0161sprend\u0117 &#8211; jie tik nutild\u0117 tuos, kurie gal\u0117t\u0173 apie tai pasakyti.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0160altiniai<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Papildoma literat\u016bra<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"[li_&amp;]:mb-0 [li_&amp;]:mt-1.5 [li_&amp;]:gap-1.5 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc flex flex-col gap-2 pl-8 mb-3\">\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Foreign Policy Research Institute, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fpri.org\/article\/2024\/07\/the-wests-loss-of-the-sahel-not-only-russias-doing\/\">&#8220;The West&#8217;s Loss of the Sahel: Not (only) Russia&#8217;s Doing&#8221;<\/a>, 2024 m. liepa<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Al Jazeera, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/opinions\/2023\/8\/17\/french-mistakes-helped-create-africas-coup-belt\">&#8220;French mistakes helped create Africa&#8217;s coup belt&#8221;<\/a>, 2023 m. rugpj\u016btis<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Axios, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.axios.com\/2022\/10\/13\/france-west-africa-wagner-group-disinformation\">&#8220;Inside the French effort to counter Russian mercenaries in Africa&#8221;<\/a>, 2022 m. spalis<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Africa Defense Forum, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/adf-magazine.com\/2024\/10\/russias-influence-machine\/\">&#8220;Russia&#8217;s Influence Machine&#8221;<\/a>, 2024 m. spalis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<section class=\"footnotes\" data-footnotes=\"true\">\n<strong>Footnotes<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol class=\"[li_&amp;]:mb-0 [li_&amp;]:mt-1.5 [li_&amp;]:gap-1.5 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-decimal flex flex-col gap-2 pl-8 mb-3\">\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-1\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>Africa Defense Forum, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/adf-magazine.com\/2024\/02\/russia-flooding-burkina-faso-with-disinformation\/\">&#8220;Russia Flooding Burkina Faso With Disinformation&#8221;<\/a>, 2024 m. vasaris. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-1\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 1\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-2\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>Africa Center for Strategic Studies, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africacenter.org\/spotlight\/mapping-a-surge-of-disinformation-in-africa\/\">&#8220;Mapping a Surge of Disinformation in Africa&#8221;<\/a>, 2024 m. kovas. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-2\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 2\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-3\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>PRIO, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.prio.org\/2023\/03\/soft-power-and-disinformation-the-strategic-role-of-media-in-wagners-expansion-in-africa\/\">&#8220;Soft Power and Disinformation: The Strategic Role of Media in Wagner&#8217;s Expansion in Africa&#8221;<\/a>, 2023 m. kovas. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-3\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 3\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-4\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>DFRLab, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/dfrlab\/pro-russian-facebook-assets-in-mali-coordinated-support-for-wagner-group-anti-democracy-protests-2abaac4d87c4\">&#8220;Pro-Russian Facebook assets in Mali coordinated support for Wagner Group&#8221;<\/a>, 2022. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-4\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 4\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-5\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>NPR, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2023\/07\/30\/1190969703\/supporters-of-nigers-coup-march-waving-russian-flags-and-denouncing-france\">&#8220;Supporters of Niger&#8217;s coup march waving Russian flags and denouncing France&#8221;<\/a>, 2023 m. liepa. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-5\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 5\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-6\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>France 24, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/live-news\/20230925-france-out-when-former-colonies-give-paris-the-boot\">&#8220;&#8216;France out!&#8217; when former colonies give Paris the boot&#8221;<\/a>, 2023 m. rugs\u0117jis. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-6\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 6\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-7\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>Al Jazeera, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2024\/4\/18\/burkina-faso-kicks-out-three-french\">&#8220;Burkina Faso kicks out three French diplomats&#8221;<\/a>, 2024 m. balandis. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-7\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 7\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-8\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>VOA News, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/kremlin-disinformation-campaigns-aim-to-discredit-french-military-in-the-sahel-analysts-say-\/7988010.html\">&#8220;Kremlin disinformation campaigns aim to discredit French military in Sahel&#8221;<\/a>, 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-8\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 8\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-9\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>The Daily Beast, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/pro-russia-demonstration-was-false-flag-operation-staged-by-mali-coup-plotters\/\">&#8220;How These Mali Coup Plotters Staged a False Flag Pro-Russia March&#8221;<\/a>, 2021. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-9\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 9\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-10\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>Wikipedia, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alliance_of_Sahel_States\">&#8220;Alliance of Sahel States&#8221;<\/a>; Amani Africa, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/amaniafrica-et.org\/the-withdrawal-of-aes-from-ecowas-an-opportunity-for-re-evaluating-existing-instruments-for-regional-integration\/\">&#8220;The Withdrawal of AES from ECOWAS&#8221;<\/a>, 2025 m. sausis. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-10\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 10\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-11\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>Modern Diplomacy, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/moderndiplomacy.eu\/2025\/02\/03\/alliance-of-sahel-states-stepping-forward-with-common-economic-and-security-aspirations\/\">&#8220;Alliance of Sahel States Stepping Forward&#8221;<\/a>, 2025 m. vasaris. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-11\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 11\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-12\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>Middle East Institute, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/shifting-sentiments-sahel-anti-france-or-pro-russia\">&#8220;Shifting sentiments in the Sahel: Anti-France or pro-Russia?&#8221;<\/a>, 2023. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-12\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 12\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-13\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>Forbidden Stories, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/forbiddenstories.org\/propaganda-machine-russias-information-offensive-in-the-sahel\/\">&#8220;Propaganda Machine: Russia&#8217;s information offensive in the Sahel&#8221;<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-13\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 13\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-14\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>Forbidden Stories, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/forbiddenstories.org\/propaganda-machine-russias-information-offensive-in-the-sahel\/\">&#8220;Propaganda Machine&#8221;<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-14\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 14\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-15\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>ECFR, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/publication\/the-bear-and-the-bot-farm-countering-russian-hybrid-warfare-in-africa\/\">&#8220;The bear and the bot farm: Countering Russian hybrid warfare in Africa&#8221;<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-15\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 15\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-16\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>News24, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.news24.com\/southafrica\/debunking\/russian-propaganda-how-moscow-uses-disinformation-in-africa-20250205\">&#8220;Russian propaganda: How Moscow uses disinformation in Africa&#8221;<\/a>, 2025 m. vasaris. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-16\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 16\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-17\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>Africa Center for Strategic Studies, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africacenter.org\/spotlight\/mapping-a-surge-of-disinformation-in-africa\/\">&#8220;Mapping a Surge of Disinformation in Africa&#8221;<\/a>, 2024 m. kovas. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-17\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 17\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-18\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>VOA News, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/kremlin-disinformation-campaigns-aim-to-discredit-french-military-in-the-sahel-analysts-say-\/7988010.html\">&#8220;Kremlin disinformation campaigns&#8221;<\/a>, 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-18\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 18\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-19\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>ECFR, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/publication\/the-bear-and-the-bot-farm-countering-russian-hybrid-warfare-in-africa\/\">&#8220;The bear and the bot farm&#8221;<\/a>, 2024; Africa is a Country, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2025\/07\/after-the-coups\">&#8220;After the coups&#8221;<\/a>, 2025 m. liepa. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-19\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 19\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-20\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>Middle East Institute, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/shifting-sentiments-sahel-anti-france-or-pro-russia\">&#8220;Shifting sentiments in the Sahel&#8221;<\/a>, 2023. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-20\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 20\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-21\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>World and New World Journal, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/worldnewworld.com\/page\/content.php?no=4816\">&#8220;The withdrawal of Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger from ECOWAS&#8221;<\/a>, 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-21\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 21\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-22\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>Africa Center for Strategic Studies, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africacenter.org\/spotlight\/mapping-disinformation-in-africa\/\">&#8220;Mapping Disinformation in Africa&#8221;<\/a>, 2022. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-22\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 22\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-23\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>Wilson Center, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/blog-post\/consequences-russian-disinformation-examples-burkina-faso\">&#8220;The Consequences of Russian Disinformation: Examples in Burkina Faso&#8221;<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-23\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 23\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"user-content-fn-24\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\n<p>Forbidden Stories, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/forbiddenstories.org\/propaganda-machine-russias-information-offensive-in-the-sahel\/\">&#8220;Propaganda Machine&#8221;<\/a>, 2024<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false,"raw":"<strong>Regionas:<\/strong> \ud83c\uddf2\ud83c\uddf1\ud83c\udde7\ud83c\uddeb\ud83c\uddf3\ud83c\uddea Malis, Burkina Fasas, Nigeris\r\n<p>Kelias savaites prie\u0161 2022 m. rugs\u0117jo perversm\u0105 Burkina Fase Facebook \u012fvyko ka\u017ekas ne\u012fprasto. \u012esitraukimas \u012f \u012fra\u0161us, kuriuose minima Wagnerio grup\u0117, i\u0161augo 6363 procentais. Protestuose prad\u0117jo rodytis Rusijos v\u0117liavos. Minios skandavo \u201e\u0160alin Pranc\u016bzij\u0105, tegyvuoja Putinas\".<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-1\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-1\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Perversmas pavyko. Per kelis m\u0117nesius 400 Pranc\u016bzijos speciali\u0173j\u0173 paj\u0117g\u0173 kari\u0173 buvo i\u0161vyta. Scenarijus jau buvo pasikarto\u0119s Malyje. Jis pasikartos Nigeryje. Iki 2025 m. prad\u017eios Pranc\u016bzijos karinis buvimas Sahelyje - palaikomas beveik septyniasde\u0161imt met\u0173 - visi\u0161kai \u017elugo.<\/p>\r\n<p>Tai nebuvo spontani\u0161ka. Tai buvo sure\u017eisuota.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>Scenarijus<\/strong>\r\n<p>Afrikos strategini\u0173 studij\u0173 centras u\u017efiksavo 189 dezinformacijos kampanijas, nukreiptas prie\u0161 Afrikos \u017eemyn\u0105 - beveik keturis kartus daugiau nei nustatyta 2022 m. Rusija remia 80 i\u0161 j\u0173, o tai sudaro beveik 40 procent\u0173 vis\u0173 dezinformacijos operacij\u0173 Afrikoje, nukreipt\u0173 \u012f daugiau nei 22 \u0161alis.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-2\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-2\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Sahelis tapo epicentru.<\/p>\r\n<p>Scenarijus vyksta nuoseklia schema. Pirmiausia su Rusija susij\u0119 socialini\u0173 tinkl\u0173 paskyros sustiprina teis\u0117tus nusiskundimus - kolonijin\u0119 istorij\u0105, nepavykusias Vakar\u0173 intervencijas, d\u017eihadist\u0173 smurt\u0105, kurio Pranc\u016bzijos paj\u0117gos negal\u0117jo sustabdyti. Tada koordinuoti netikr\u0173 paskyr\u0173, apmokam\u0173 \u012ftaking\u0173 asmen\u0173 ir \u201efran\u0161izuot\u0173\" vietini\u0173 turinio k\u016br\u0117j\u0173 tinklai u\u017etvindo platformas prorusi\u0161kais, antipranc\u016bzi\u0161kais prane\u0161imais. Galiausiai, kai \u012fvyksta perversmai, tie patys tinklai \u0161ven\u010dia juos kaip antikolonijin\u012f i\u0161sivadavim\u0105.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-3\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-3\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Malyje Skaitmenini\u0173 teismo tyrim\u0173 laboratorija (DFRLab) nustat\u0117 Facebook puslapi\u0173 tinkl\u0105, kuris koordinavo param\u0105 Wagneriui ir karinei chuntai m\u0117nesiais prie\u0161 Pranc\u016bzijos pasitraukim\u0105. Puslapiai, tariamai labdaros ir bendruomen\u0117s organizacijos, skelb\u0117 turin\u012f koordinuotomis bangomis, kenkdami Pranc\u016bzijos interesams ir mobilizuodami visuomen\u0117s param\u0105 autoritariniam valdymui. Vienas puslapis, orientuotas \u012f platesn\u012f Sahel\u012f, prad\u0117jo raginti \u201erevoliucij\u0105\" visame regione.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-4\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-4\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Kai 2023 m. liep\u0105 Nigeryje \u012fvyko perversmas, infrastrukt\u016bra jau buvo paruo\u0161ta. T\u016bkstan\u010diai \u017eygiavo per Niam\u0117j\u0173, mojuodami Rusijos v\u0117liavomis, skanduodami Putino vard\u0105 ir padegdami Pranc\u016bzijos ambasados duris. Plakatuose buvo para\u0161yta \u201e\u0160alin Pranc\u016bzij\u0105, tegyvuoja Putinas\". Rusijos turinio k\u016br\u0117jai melagingai teig\u0117, kad ECOWAS planavo invazij\u0105 - naratyv\u0105, kur\u012f paneig\u0117 ECOWAS lyderiai, bet kuris buvo pla\u010diai tikimas.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-5\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-5\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>Grandinin\u0117 reakcija<\/strong>\r\n<p>Seka buvo steb\u0117tinai vienoda visose trijose \u0161alyse.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Malis (2020-2022):<\/strong> Du perversmai per devynis m\u0117nesius. Chunta i\u0161var\u0117 Pranc\u016bzijos ambasadori\u0173 2022 m. saus\u012f. Atvyko Wagnerio paj\u0117gos, galiausiai siekian\u010dios daugiau nei 1000. Pranc\u016bzija i\u0161ved\u0117 operacij\u0105 \u201eBarkhane\" 2022 m. lapkrit\u012f po de\u0161imtme\u010dio kovos su terorizmu operacij\u0173.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-6\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-6\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Burkina Fasas (2022):<\/strong> Du perversmai per a\u0161tuonis m\u0117nesius. Kapitonas Ibrahimas Traor\u0117 u\u017egrob\u0117 vald\u017ei\u0105 2022 m. rugs\u0117j\u012f tarp protest\u0173, kurie puol\u0117 Pranc\u016bzijos ambasad\u0105. Iki 2023 m. sausio vyriausyb\u0117 nutrauk\u0117 gynybos sutartis ir pareikalavo Pranc\u016bzijos kari\u0173 i\u0161vedimo per m\u0117nes\u012f.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-7\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-7\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Nigeris (2023):<\/strong> Prezidento gvardija sulaik\u0117 i\u0161rinkt\u0105 prezident\u0105 Mohamed\u0105 Bazoum\u0105 liep\u0105. Antipranc\u016bzi\u0161ki protestai i\u0161kart \u012fsipliesk\u0117 su Rusijos v\u0117liavomis. Pranc\u016bzija i\u0161ved\u0117 1500 kari\u0173 iki met\u0173 pabaigos. Amerikos paj\u0117gos sek\u0117 paskui, palikdamos Niger\u012f iki 2024 m. rugpj\u016b\u010dio.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-8\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-8\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Kai kuri\u0173 demonstracij\u0173 inscenizuotas pob\u016bdis buvo u\u017efiksuotas realiu laiku. The Daily Beast identifikavo ma\u017eiausiai \u0161e\u0161is prorusi\u0161ko protesto Malyje dalyvius, kurie buvo karini\u0173 pareig\u016bn\u0173 giminai\u010diai - broliai, seserys, pusbroliai, kareivi\u0173 \u017emonos. Dalyviai pripa\u017eino, kad susitiko karin\u0117je baz\u0117je Kati renginiui planuoti. \u201eTaip, tiesa, kad susitikome Kati planuoti demonstracij\u0105, - pripa\u017eino vienas, - bet padar\u0117me tai, nes tikime, kad armija nori gero Maliui\".<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-9\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-9\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sahelio valstybi\u0173 aljansas<\/strong>\r\n<p>2023 m. rugs\u0117jo 16 d. trys chunt\u0173 valdomos \u0161alys oficialiai \u012fformino savo susivienijim\u0105, sukurdamos Sahelio valstybi\u0173 aljans\u0105 (SVA) - savitarpio gynybos pakt\u0105, atvirai atmetant\u012f Vakar\u0173 \u012ftak\u0105.<\/p>\r\n<p>Aljansas greitai gil\u0117jo. 2024 m. saus\u012f visos trys paskelb\u0117 apie pasitraukim\u0105 i\u0161 ECOWAS, regioninio ekonominio bloko. 2024 m. liep\u0105 jos pavert\u0117 aljans\u0105 pilna konfederacija su bendra gynyba, ekonomine integracija ir bendros valiutos planais. 2025 m. sausio 29 d. pasitraukimas i\u0161 ECOWAS \u012fsigaliojo, u\u017ebaigdamas penkiasde\u0161imt met\u0173 regionin\u0117s integracijos.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-10\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-10\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Simbolika buvo ty\u010din\u0117. SVA pristat\u0117 nauj\u0105 v\u0117liav\u0105 su trij\u0173 \u0161ali\u0173 \u017eem\u0117lapiu be vidini\u0173 sien\u0173 - atvirai atmesdamas tai, k\u0105 nariai vadino \u201ekolonijin\u0117mis sienomis\", nubr\u0117\u017etomis 1884 m. Berlyno konferencijoje. Jie paleido bendrus biometrinius pasus. Jie suk\u016br\u0117 5000 kari\u0173 jungtines ginkluot\u0105sias paj\u0117gas.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-11\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-11\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Kaip pa\u017eym\u0117jo vienas tyr\u0117jas, chuntos pozicionavo save kaip \u201enaujos eros Sahelyje \u0161auklius\", tik\u0117damos, kad karin\u0117s vyriausyb\u0117s gali efektyviau susidoroti su nesaugumu nei demokratijos.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-12\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-12\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Rusija greitai u\u017epild\u0117 vakuum\u0105. Afrikos korpusas - Wagnerio \u012fp\u0117dinis Rusijos gynybos ministerijos kontrol\u0117je - buvo dislokuotas visose trijose \u0161alyse. Rus\u0173 namai (kult\u016bros centrai, kartu veikiantys kaip propagandos centrai) atsidar\u0117 Malyje (2022 m. bir\u017eelis), Burkina Fase (2024 m. sausis) ir Nigeryje (2024 m. spalis). RT paskelb\u0117 apie planus \u012fsteigti anglakalb\u012f medij\u0173 centr\u0105 Piet\u0173 Afrikoje aptarnauti \u017eemyn\u0105.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-13\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-13\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>Informacin\u0117 erdv\u0117<\/strong>\r\n<p>Tai, kas nutiko nepriklausomai \u017einiasklaidai Sahelyje, iliustruoja, kaip dezinformacijos operacijos atveria keli\u0105 autoritarinei konsolidacijai.<\/p>\r\n<p>Radio France International ir France 24 buvo u\u017edraustos. U\u017esienio \u017eurnalistai buvo i\u0161vyti - \u012fskaitant du Pranc\u016bzijos reporterius, pa\u0161alintus i\u0161 Burkina Faso 2024 m. baland\u012f po koordinuotos \u0161mei\u017eto kampanijos. Vietiniams \u017eurnalistams buvo dar blogiau. \u201eB\u016bti \u017eurnalistu Nigeryje rei\u0161kia giedoti chuntai \u0161lov\u0119, tyl\u0117ti arba eiti \u012f tremt\u012f, kad neatsidurtum kal\u0117jime\", - Forbidden Stories anonimi\u0161kai sak\u0117 vienas reporteris.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-14\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-14\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Le Monde u\u017efiksavo, kad iki 2023 m. pabaigos Rusijos agentai buvo infiltruoti \u012f Burkina Faso \u017evalgybos tarnyb\u0105, pad\u0117dami chuntai steb\u0117ti oponentus, vykdyti \u012ftakos operacijas ir mokyti vietinius propagandistus. Kapitono Traor\u0117 broliai Inoussa ir Kassoumas tapo tokie \u012fgud\u0119 socialini\u0173 tinkl\u0173 operacijose, kad prad\u0117jo vykdyti kampanijas, nukreiptas prie\u0161 kaimynines vyriausybes, tokias kaip Dramblio Kaulo Krantas.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-15\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-15\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Modelis kartojo tai, kas veik\u0117 Centrin\u0117s Afrikos Respublikoje. Informatorius, pab\u0117g\u0119s i\u0161 CAR, apra\u0161\u0117, kaip j\u012f verbavo organizuoti prorusi\u0161k\u0173 ekspert\u0173 pasirodymus radijuje ir ra\u0161yti straipsnius, \u201ei\u0161 dalies tiesiogiai diktuotus Rusijos tarpinink\u0173\". Pana\u0161ios troli\u0173 fabrikos atsirado visame Sahelyje, \u012fdarbindamos jaunus \u017emones, kuriems mok\u0117jo u\u017e oponent\u0173 steb\u0117jim\u0105 ir re\u017eimo naratyv\u0173 stiprinim\u0105.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-16\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-16\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Vien du su Rusija susij\u0119 dezinformacijos \u012ftakingi asmenys turi bendr\u0105 socialini\u0173 tinkl\u0173 auditorij\u0105, vir\u0161ijan\u010di\u0105 28 milijonus vartotoj\u0173. J\u0173 turin\u012f sustiprina \u0161imtai su Rusija susijusi\u0173 paskyr\u0173 ir puslapi\u0173 tame, k\u0105 tyr\u0117jai vadina \u201ei\u0161si\u0161akojusia ekosistema\" koordinuoto neautenti\u0161ko elgesio.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-17\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-17\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>Rezultatai<\/strong>\r\n<p>Chuntos \u017ead\u0117jo saugum\u0105. Jos atne\u0161\u0117 katastrof\u0105.<\/p>\r\n<p>Nuo tada, kai Pranc\u016bzija prad\u0117jo trauktis 2022 m., su konfliktais susijusi\u0173 mir\u010di\u0173 skai\u010dius Sahelyje i\u0161augo 65 procentais, pagal Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED). Iki 2024 m. metin\u0117s aukos pasiek\u0117 25 000 - beveik penkis kartus daugiau nei 5400 2017 m.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-18\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-18\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Apie pus\u0117 Burkina Faso yra u\u017e vyriausyb\u0117s kontrol\u0117s rib\u0173. 2024 m. liep\u0105 de\u0161imtys Malio kariuomen\u0117s ir Rusijos Wagnerio grup\u0117s kareivi\u0173 buvo nu\u017eudyti pra\u017e\u016btingoje tuareg\u0173 sukil\u0117li\u0173 pasaloje \u0161iaur\u0117s Malyje. Analitikai \u012fsp\u0117ja, kad pati Uagadugu gali kristi d\u017eihadist\u0173 grup\u0117ms, kai kurie baiminasi \u201eSomalio scenarijaus\", kai nacionalin\u0117 vyriausyb\u0117 kontroliuoja tik savo apgult\u0105 sostin\u0119.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-19\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-19\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Beveik 2,9 milijono \u017emoni\u0173 buvo priversti palikti savo namus d\u0117l smurto vien centriniame Sahelyje 2022 m. Apie 29 milijonai reikia humanitarin\u0117s pagalbos - 5 milijonai i\u0161 j\u0173 vaikai. Gyventojai, b\u0117gantys i\u0161 Burkina Faso, dabar ie\u0161ko prieglobs\u010dio net \u0160iaur\u0117s Afrikoje ir Europoje.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-20\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-20\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Terorizmas, kuris tariamai pateisin\u0117 perversmus, tik sustipr\u0117jo. Pagal Pasaulin\u012f terorizmo indeks\u0105 2025, metin\u0117s su konfliktais susijusios mirtys Sahelyje padaug\u0117jo penkis kartus nuo 2017 iki 2024 m. Nei ECOWAS, nei Pranc\u016bzija negal\u0117jo sustabdyti \u0161ios trajektorijos - bet nei Wagneris, nei Afrikos korpusas taip pat negali.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-21\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-21\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>Kognityvinis karas<\/strong>\r\n<p>Rusijos dezinformacija Sahelyje iliustruoja tai, k\u0105 kariniai strategai vadina \u201edviprasmi\u0161ku karu\" - nusiskundim\u0173 stiprinimas, skilim\u0173 i\u0161naudojimas ir fragmentacijos skatinimas, i\u0161laikant tik\u0117tin\u0105 neigim\u0105.<\/p>\r\n<p>Tikslas, pa\u017eymi tyr\u0117jai, yra \u201ene tiek \u012ftikinti, kiek supainioti\" - kuriant klaidingus ekvivalentus tarp demokratini\u0173 ir autoritarini\u0173 veik\u0117j\u0173, kuriant nusivylim\u0105 ir apatij\u0105. Kai pilie\u010diai negali atskirti tiesos nuo manipuliacijos, jie tampa pa\u017eeid\u017eiami tam, kas kontroliuoja garsiausi\u0105 megafon\u0105.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-22\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-22\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Nusiskundimai, kuriuos i\u0161naudoja Rusija, yra tikri. Pranc\u016bzijos kolonijin\u0117 istorija paliko gilias \u017eaizdas. Vakar\u0173 karin\u0117s intervencijos nesugeb\u0117jo sustabdyti d\u017eihadist\u0173 smurto. I\u0161rinktos vyriausyb\u0117s da\u017enai pasirod\u0117 korumpuotos ir nereaguojan\u010dios. 2021-2022 m. Afrobarometer tyrimas parod\u0117, kad nors du tre\u010ddaliai afrikie\u010di\u0173 teikia pirmenyb\u0119 demokratijai, tik 38 procentai patenkinti tuo, kaip ji veikia j\u0173 \u0161alyse.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-23\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-23\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Rusija nesuk\u016br\u0117 \u0161i\u0173 frustracij\u0173. Bet sistemingai jas stiprindama ir si\u016blydama karines chuntas kaip alternatyv\u0105, Maskva pad\u0117jo u\u017etikrinti, kad teis\u0117ti poky\u010di\u0173 reikalavimai atne\u0161t\u0173 rezultatus, tarnaujan\u010dius Rusijos interesams, o ne Afrikos gyventojams.<\/p>\r\n<p>Kaip vienas Malio \u017eurnalistas sak\u0117 tyr\u0117jams: jis bijojo Rusijos internetini\u0173 samdini\u0173, \u201ekuriems vald\u017eia moka eiti \u012f socialinius tinklus ir pie\u0161ti tave kaip \u017emog\u0173, kur\u012f reikia sunaikinti\".<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-24\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-24\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>I\u0161vytos Pranc\u016bzijos paj\u0117gos niekada nei\u0161sprend\u0117 Sahelio saugumo kriz\u0117s. Bet j\u0173 rusi\u0161ki pakaitalai taip pat nei\u0161sprend\u0117 - jie tik nutild\u0117 tuos, kurie gal\u0117t\u0173 apie tai pasakyti.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0160altiniai<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\r\n<strong>Papildoma literat\u016bra<\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"[li_&amp;]:mb-0 [li_&amp;]:mt-1.5 [li_&amp;]:gap-1.5 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc flex flex-col gap-2 pl-8 mb-3\">\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Foreign Policy Research Institute, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fpri.org\/article\/2024\/07\/the-wests-loss-of-the-sahel-not-only-russias-doing\/\">\"The West's Loss of the Sahel: Not (only) Russia's Doing\"<\/a>, 2024 m. liepa<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Al Jazeera, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/opinions\/2023\/8\/17\/french-mistakes-helped-create-africas-coup-belt\">\"French mistakes helped create Africa's coup belt\"<\/a>, 2023 m. rugpj\u016btis<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Axios, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.axios.com\/2022\/10\/13\/france-west-africa-wagner-group-disinformation\">\"Inside the French effort to counter Russian mercenaries in Africa\"<\/a>, 2022 m. spalis<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Africa Defense Forum, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/adf-magazine.com\/2024\/10\/russias-influence-machine\/\">\"Russia's Influence Machine\"<\/a>, 2024 m. spalis<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\" data-footnotes=\"true\">\r\n<strong>Footnotes<\/strong>\r\n<ol class=\"[li_&amp;]:mb-0 [li_&amp;]:mt-1.5 [li_&amp;]:gap-1.5 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-decimal flex flex-col gap-2 pl-8 mb-3\">\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-1\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Africa Defense Forum, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/adf-magazine.com\/2024\/02\/russia-flooding-burkina-faso-with-disinformation\/\">\"Russia Flooding Burkina Faso With Disinformation\"<\/a>, 2024 m. vasaris. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-1\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 1\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-2\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Africa Center for Strategic Studies, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africacenter.org\/spotlight\/mapping-a-surge-of-disinformation-in-africa\/\">\"Mapping a Surge of Disinformation in Africa\"<\/a>, 2024 m. kovas. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-2\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 2\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-3\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>PRIO, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.prio.org\/2023\/03\/soft-power-and-disinformation-the-strategic-role-of-media-in-wagners-expansion-in-africa\/\">\"Soft Power and Disinformation: The Strategic Role of Media in Wagner's Expansion in Africa\"<\/a>, 2023 m. kovas. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-3\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 3\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-4\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>DFRLab, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/dfrlab\/pro-russian-facebook-assets-in-mali-coordinated-support-for-wagner-group-anti-democracy-protests-2abaac4d87c4\">\"Pro-Russian Facebook assets in Mali coordinated support for Wagner Group\"<\/a>, 2022. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-4\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 4\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-5\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>NPR, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2023\/07\/30\/1190969703\/supporters-of-nigers-coup-march-waving-russian-flags-and-denouncing-france\">\"Supporters of Niger's coup march waving Russian flags and denouncing France\"<\/a>, 2023 m. liepa. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-5\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 5\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-6\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>France 24, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/live-news\/20230925-france-out-when-former-colonies-give-paris-the-boot\">\"'France out!' when former colonies give Paris the boot\"<\/a>, 2023 m. rugs\u0117jis. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-6\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 6\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-7\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Al Jazeera, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2024\/4\/18\/burkina-faso-kicks-out-three-french\">\"Burkina Faso kicks out three French diplomats\"<\/a>, 2024 m. balandis. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-7\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 7\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-8\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>VOA News, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/kremlin-disinformation-campaigns-aim-to-discredit-french-military-in-the-sahel-analysts-say-\/7988010.html\">\"Kremlin disinformation campaigns aim to discredit French military in Sahel\"<\/a>, 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-8\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 8\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-9\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>The Daily Beast, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/pro-russia-demonstration-was-false-flag-operation-staged-by-mali-coup-plotters\/\">\"How These Mali Coup Plotters Staged a False Flag Pro-Russia March\"<\/a>, 2021. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-9\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 9\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-10\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Wikipedia, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alliance_of_Sahel_States\">\"Alliance of Sahel States\"<\/a>; Amani Africa, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/amaniafrica-et.org\/the-withdrawal-of-aes-from-ecowas-an-opportunity-for-re-evaluating-existing-instruments-for-regional-integration\/\">\"The Withdrawal of AES from ECOWAS\"<\/a>, 2025 m. sausis. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-10\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 10\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-11\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Modern Diplomacy, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/moderndiplomacy.eu\/2025\/02\/03\/alliance-of-sahel-states-stepping-forward-with-common-economic-and-security-aspirations\/\">\"Alliance of Sahel States Stepping Forward\"<\/a>, 2025 m. vasaris. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-11\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 11\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-12\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Middle East Institute, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/shifting-sentiments-sahel-anti-france-or-pro-russia\">\"Shifting sentiments in the Sahel: Anti-France or pro-Russia?\"<\/a>, 2023. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-12\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 12\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-13\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Forbidden Stories, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/forbiddenstories.org\/propaganda-machine-russias-information-offensive-in-the-sahel\/\">\"Propaganda Machine: Russia's information offensive in the Sahel\"<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-13\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 13\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-14\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Forbidden Stories, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/forbiddenstories.org\/propaganda-machine-russias-information-offensive-in-the-sahel\/\">\"Propaganda Machine\"<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-14\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 14\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-15\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>ECFR, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/publication\/the-bear-and-the-bot-farm-countering-russian-hybrid-warfare-in-africa\/\">\"The bear and the bot farm: Countering Russian hybrid warfare in Africa\"<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-15\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 15\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-16\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>News24, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.news24.com\/southafrica\/debunking\/russian-propaganda-how-moscow-uses-disinformation-in-africa-20250205\">\"Russian propaganda: How Moscow uses disinformation in Africa\"<\/a>, 2025 m. vasaris. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-16\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 16\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-17\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Africa Center for Strategic Studies, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africacenter.org\/spotlight\/mapping-a-surge-of-disinformation-in-africa\/\">\"Mapping a Surge of Disinformation in Africa\"<\/a>, 2024 m. kovas. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-17\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 17\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-18\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>VOA News, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/kremlin-disinformation-campaigns-aim-to-discredit-french-military-in-the-sahel-analysts-say-\/7988010.html\">\"Kremlin disinformation campaigns\"<\/a>, 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-18\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 18\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-19\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>ECFR, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/publication\/the-bear-and-the-bot-farm-countering-russian-hybrid-warfare-in-africa\/\">\"The bear and the bot farm\"<\/a>, 2024; Africa is a Country, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2025\/07\/after-the-coups\">\"After the coups\"<\/a>, 2025 m. liepa. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-19\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 19\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-20\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Middle East Institute, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/shifting-sentiments-sahel-anti-france-or-pro-russia\">\"Shifting sentiments in the Sahel\"<\/a>, 2023. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-20\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 20\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-21\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>World and New World Journal, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/worldnewworld.com\/page\/content.php?no=4816\">\"The withdrawal of Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger from ECOWAS\"<\/a>, 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-21\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 21\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-22\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Africa Center for Strategic Studies, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africacenter.org\/spotlight\/mapping-disinformation-in-africa\/\">\"Mapping Disinformation in Africa\"<\/a>, 2022. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-22\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 22\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-23\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Wilson Center, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/blog-post\/consequences-russian-disinformation-examples-burkina-faso\">\"The Consequences of Russian Disinformation: Examples in Burkina Faso\"<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-23\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 23\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-24\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Forbidden Stories, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/forbiddenstories.org\/propaganda-machine-russias-information-offensive-in-the-sahel\/\">\"Propaganda Machine\"<\/a>, 2024<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/section>"},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false,"raw":""},"author":1,"featured_media":4465,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ru_post_content":"<strong>\u0420\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d:<\/strong> \ud83c\uddf2\ud83c\uddf1\ud83c\udde7\ud83c\uddeb\ud83c\uddf3\ud83c\uddea \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0411\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430-\u0424\u0430\u0441\u043e, \u041d\u0438\u0433\u0435\u0440\r\n<p>\u0417\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0411\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430-\u0424\u0430\u0441\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0435 2022 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432 Facebook. \u0412\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0443 \u0412\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430 6363 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438. \u0422\u043e\u043b\u043f\u044b \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u0414\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u00bb.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-1\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-1\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f. \u0412 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 400 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u041e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u041d\u0438\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0435. \u041a \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0443 2025 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u0435 - \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043b\u0435\u0442 - \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0443\u0445\u043d\u0443\u043b\u043e.<\/p>\r\n<p>\u042d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0421\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439<\/strong>\r\n<p>\u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b 189 \u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0430\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 - \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432 2022 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 80 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 40 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043c 22 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-2\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-2\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c.<\/p>\r\n<p>\u0421\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0435. \u0421\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0443\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0434\u044b - \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0434\u0436\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c. \u0417\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0444\u0435\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0443\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043b\u044e\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u00ab\u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0448\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445\u00bb \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438, \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u041d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-3\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-3\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u0412 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438 Digital Forensic Research Lab \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 Facebook, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443 \u0412\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0443\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0421\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u044f\u043a\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430, \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a \u00ab\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0443.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-4\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-4\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u0435 2023 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u0451\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u0432 \u041d\u0438\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u0422\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u041d\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u044e, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u0438\u043c\u044f \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0438\u0433\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e \u00ab\u0414\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u00bb. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u042d\u041a\u041e\u0412\u0410\u0421 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 - \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432, \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u042d\u041a\u041e\u0412\u0410\u0421, \u043d\u043e \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-5\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-5\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0426\u0435\u043f\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/strong>\r\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0451\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>\u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438 (2020-2022):<\/strong> \u0414\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432. \u0425\u0443\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0435 2022 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b \u0412\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0432 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 1000 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a. \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u00ab\u0411\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u043d\u00bb \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0435 2022 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-6\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-6\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>\u0411\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430-\u0424\u0430\u0441\u043e (2022):<\/strong> \u0414\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432. \u041a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0418\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u043c \u0422\u0440\u0430\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0435 2022 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e. \u041a \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044e 2023 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0430.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-7\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-7\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>\u041d\u0438\u0433\u0435\u0440 (2023):<\/strong> \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0445\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u0411\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u0435. \u0410\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0432\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0445\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u0441 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0430 1500 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0432 \u041d\u0438\u0433\u0435\u0440 \u043a \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0443 2024 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-8\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-8\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438. The Daily Beast \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043c \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 - \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0441\u0451\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u0443\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0436\u0451\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0442. \u0423\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u00ab\u0414\u0430, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u044b \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, - \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445, - \u043d\u043e \u043c\u044b \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u00bb.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-9\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-9\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0410\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u044f<\/strong>\r\n<p>16 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2023 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0443\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0451 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u044f (\u0410\u0413\u0421) - \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442 \u043e \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435, \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\r\n<p>\u0410\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f. \u0412 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0435 2024 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u042d\u041a\u041e\u0412\u0410\u0421, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430. \u0412 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u0435 2024 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044e\u0442\u044b. 29 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f 2025 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0437 \u042d\u041a\u041e\u0412\u0410\u0421 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0432 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-10\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-10\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u0421\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u0410\u0413\u0421 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433 \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0451\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 - \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 1884 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e 5000 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-11\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-11\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0445\u0443\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u00ab\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u0435\u00bb, \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-12\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-12\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0443\u043c. \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441 - \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0412\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 - \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0451\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0451\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445. \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430 (\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u044b, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043c\u0438) \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438 (\u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c 2022), \u0411\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430-\u0424\u0430\u0441\u043e (\u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c 2024) \u0438 \u041d\u0438\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0435 (\u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c 2024). RT \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u043e \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-13\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-13\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/strong>\r\n<p>\u0422\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0421\u041c\u0418 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u0435, \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\r\n<p>Radio France International \u0438 France 24 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b. \u0418\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b - \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0451\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437 \u0411\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430-\u0424\u0430\u0441\u043e \u0432 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435 2023 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0435\u0449\u0451 \u0445\u0443\u0436\u0435. \u00ab\u0411\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u041d\u0438\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0435 - \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0445\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0443 \u0445\u0443\u043d\u0442\u0435, \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u044e\u0440\u044c\u043c\u0435\u00bb, - \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0451\u0440 Forbidden Stories \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-14\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-14\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Le Monde \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0443 2023 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u0411\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430-\u0424\u0430\u0441\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u044f \u0445\u0443\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0411\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0422\u0440\u0430\u043e\u0440\u0435, \u0418\u043d\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0443\u043c, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044f\u0445, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u041a\u043e\u0442-\u0434'\u0418\u0432\u0443\u0430\u0440.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-15\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-15\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0430\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0426\u0410\u0420, \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u00ab\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u044e, \u0443\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-16\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-16\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u0422\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043b\u044e\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0430\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 28 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0418\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0443\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u00ab\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439\u00bb \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-17\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-17\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b<\/strong>\r\n<p>\u0425\u0443\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0443.<\/p>\r\n<p>\u0421 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 2022 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430 65 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED). \u041a 2024 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0438 25 000 - \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c 5400 \u0432 2017 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-18\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-18\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u041e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0411\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430-\u0424\u0430\u0441\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f. \u0412 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u0435 2024 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u0412\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u0443\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0423\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0433\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0434\u0436\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u00ab\u0441\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f\u00bb, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0443.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-19\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-19\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 2,9 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0432 2022 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u041e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 29 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 - 5 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0438. \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0431\u0435\u0433\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0411\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430-\u0424\u0430\u0441\u043e, \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0438\u0449\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0449\u0430 \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-20\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-20\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u0422\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u043a\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f. \u041f\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0413\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 2025, \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u0435, \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 2017 \u0438 2024 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041d\u0438 \u042d\u041a\u041e\u0412\u0410\u0421, \u043d\u0438 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e - \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0438 \u0412\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0440, \u043d\u0438 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-21\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-21\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u041a\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430<\/strong>\r\n<p>\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u00ab\u043d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439\u00bb - \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0434, \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\r\n<p>\u0426\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u00ab\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u00bb - \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0430\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044e. \u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-22\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-22\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u041e\u0431\u0438\u0434\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b. \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b. \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0436\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0435. \u0418\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043c\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0438\u043c\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 Afrobarometer 2021-2022 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0430\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044e, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e 38 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-23\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-23\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0444\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0443\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0430\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e.<\/p>\r\n<p>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442: \u043e\u043d \u0431\u043e\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0439\u043d-\u043d\u0430\u0451\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044f\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c\u00bb.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-24\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-24\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u0418\u0437\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u0435. \u041d\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438 - \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0431\u044b \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"[li_&amp;]:mb-0 [li_&amp;]:mt-1.5 [li_&amp;]:gap-1.5 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc flex flex-col gap-2 pl-8 mb-3\">\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Foreign Policy Research Institute, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fpri.org\/article\/2024\/07\/the-wests-loss-of-the-sahel-not-only-russias-doing\/\">\"The West's Loss of the Sahel: Not (only) Russia's Doing\"<\/a>, \u0438\u044e\u043b\u044c 2024<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Al Jazeera, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/opinions\/2023\/8\/17\/french-mistakes-helped-create-africas-coup-belt\">\"French mistakes helped create Africa's coup belt\"<\/a>, \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442 2023<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Axios, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.axios.com\/2022\/10\/13\/france-west-africa-wagner-group-disinformation\">\"Inside the French effort to counter Russian mercenaries in Africa\"<\/a>, \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c 2022<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Africa Defense Forum, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/adf-magazine.com\/2024\/10\/russias-influence-machine\/\">\"Russia's Influence Machine\"<\/a>, \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c 2024<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\" data-footnotes=\"true\">\r\n<strong>Footnotes<\/strong>\r\n<ol class=\"[li_&amp;]:mb-0 [li_&amp;]:mt-1.5 [li_&amp;]:gap-1.5 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-decimal flex flex-col gap-2 pl-8 mb-3\">\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-1\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Africa Defense Forum, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/adf-magazine.com\/2024\/02\/russia-flooding-burkina-faso-with-disinformation\/\">\"Russia Flooding Burkina Faso With Disinformation\"<\/a>, \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-1\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 1\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-2\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Africa Center for Strategic Studies, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africacenter.org\/spotlight\/mapping-a-surge-of-disinformation-in-africa\/\">\"Mapping a Surge of Disinformation in Africa\"<\/a>, \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-2\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 2\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-3\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>PRIO, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.prio.org\/2023\/03\/soft-power-and-disinformation-the-strategic-role-of-media-in-wagners-expansion-in-africa\/\">\"Soft Power and Disinformation: The Strategic Role of Media in Wagner's Expansion in Africa\"<\/a>, \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442 2023. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-3\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 3\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-4\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>DFRLab, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/dfrlab\/pro-russian-facebook-assets-in-mali-coordinated-support-for-wagner-group-anti-democracy-protests-2abaac4d87c4\">\"Pro-Russian Facebook assets in Mali coordinated support for Wagner Group\"<\/a>, 2022. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-4\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 4\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-5\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>NPR, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2023\/07\/30\/1190969703\/supporters-of-nigers-coup-march-waving-russian-flags-and-denouncing-france\">\"Supporters of Niger's coup march waving Russian flags and denouncing France\"<\/a>, \u0438\u044e\u043b\u044c 2023. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-5\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 5\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-6\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>France 24, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/live-news\/20230925-france-out-when-former-colonies-give-paris-the-boot\">\"'France out!' when former colonies give Paris the boot\"<\/a>, \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c 2023. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-6\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 6\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-7\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Al Jazeera, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2024\/4\/18\/burkina-faso-kicks-out-three-french\">\"Burkina Faso kicks out three French diplomats\"<\/a>, \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-7\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 7\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-8\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>VOA News, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/kremlin-disinformation-campaigns-aim-to-discredit-french-military-in-the-sahel-analysts-say-\/7988010.html\">\"Kremlin disinformation campaigns aim to discredit French military in Sahel\"<\/a>, 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-8\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 8\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-9\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>The Daily Beast, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/pro-russia-demonstration-was-false-flag-operation-staged-by-mali-coup-plotters\/\">\"How These Mali Coup Plotters Staged a False Flag Pro-Russia March\"<\/a>, 2021. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-9\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 9\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-10\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Wikipedia, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alliance_of_Sahel_States\">\"Alliance of Sahel States\"<\/a>; Amani Africa, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/amaniafrica-et.org\/the-withdrawal-of-aes-from-ecowas-an-opportunity-for-re-evaluating-existing-instruments-for-regional-integration\/\">\"The Withdrawal of AES from ECOWAS\"<\/a>, \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-10\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 10\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-11\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Modern Diplomacy, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/moderndiplomacy.eu\/2025\/02\/03\/alliance-of-sahel-states-stepping-forward-with-common-economic-and-security-aspirations\/\">\"Alliance of Sahel States Stepping Forward\"<\/a>, \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-11\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 11\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-12\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Middle East Institute, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/shifting-sentiments-sahel-anti-france-or-pro-russia\">\"Shifting sentiments in the Sahel: Anti-France or pro-Russia?\"<\/a>, 2023. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-12\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 12\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-13\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Forbidden Stories, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/forbiddenstories.org\/propaganda-machine-russias-information-offensive-in-the-sahel\/\">\"Propaganda Machine: Russia's information offensive in the Sahel\"<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-13\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 13\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-14\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Forbidden Stories, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/forbiddenstories.org\/propaganda-machine-russias-information-offensive-in-the-sahel\/\">\"Propaganda Machine\"<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-14\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 14\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-15\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>ECFR, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/publication\/the-bear-and-the-bot-farm-countering-russian-hybrid-warfare-in-africa\/\">\"The bear and the bot farm: Countering Russian hybrid warfare in Africa\"<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-15\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 15\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-16\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>News24, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.news24.com\/southafrica\/debunking\/russian-propaganda-how-moscow-uses-disinformation-in-africa-20250205\">\"Russian propaganda: How Moscow uses disinformation in Africa\"<\/a>, \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-16\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 16\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-17\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Africa Center for Strategic Studies, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africacenter.org\/spotlight\/mapping-a-surge-of-disinformation-in-africa\/\">\"Mapping a Surge of Disinformation in Africa\"<\/a>, \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-17\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 17\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-18\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>VOA News, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/kremlin-disinformation-campaigns-aim-to-discredit-french-military-in-the-sahel-analysts-say-\/7988010.html\">\"Kremlin disinformation campaigns\"<\/a>, 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-18\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 18\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-19\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>ECFR, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/publication\/the-bear-and-the-bot-farm-countering-russian-hybrid-warfare-in-africa\/\">\"The bear and the bot farm\"<\/a>, 2024; Africa is a Country, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2025\/07\/after-the-coups\">\"After the coups\"<\/a>, \u0438\u044e\u043b\u044c 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-19\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 19\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-20\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Middle East Institute, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/shifting-sentiments-sahel-anti-france-or-pro-russia\">\"Shifting sentiments in the Sahel\"<\/a>, 2023. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-20\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 20\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-21\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>World and New World Journal, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/worldnewworld.com\/page\/content.php?no=4816\">\"The withdrawal of Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger from ECOWAS\"<\/a>, 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-21\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 21\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-22\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Africa Center for Strategic Studies, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africacenter.org\/spotlight\/mapping-disinformation-in-africa\/\">\"Mapping Disinformation in Africa\"<\/a>, 2022. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-22\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 22\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-23\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Wilson Center, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/blog-post\/consequences-russian-disinformation-examples-burkina-faso\">\"The Consequences of Russian Disinformation: Examples in Burkina Faso\"<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-23\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 23\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-24\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Forbidden Stories, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/forbiddenstories.org\/propaganda-machine-russias-information-offensive-in-the-sahel\/\">\"Propaganda Machine\"<\/a>, 2024<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/section>","_ru_post_name":"day11_french_expulsion","_ru_post_excerpt":"","_ru_post_title":"\u0414\u0435\u043d\u044c 11: \u0418\u0437\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438","_eng_post_content":"<strong>Region:<\/strong> \ud83c\uddf2\ud83c\uddf1\ud83c\udde7\ud83c\uddeb\ud83c\uddf3\ud83c\uddea Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger\r\n<p>In the weeks before Burkina Faso's September 2022 coup, something unusual happened on Facebook. Engagement on posts mentioning the Wagner Group increased by 6,363 percent. Russian flags began appearing at protests. Crowds chanted \"Down with France, long live Putin.\"<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-1\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-1\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>The coup succeeded. Within months, 400 French special forces were expelled. The pattern had already played out in Mali. It would repeat in Niger. By early 2025, France's military presence in the Sahel - maintained for nearly seventy years - had collapsed entirely.<\/p>\r\n<p>This was not spontaneous. It was orchestrated.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>The Playbook<\/strong>\r\n<p>The Africa Center for Strategic Studies has documented 189 disinformation campaigns targeting the African continent - nearly quadruple the number identified in 2022. Russia sponsors 80 of them, accounting for almost 40 percent of all disinformation operations in Africa, targeting more than 22 countries.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-2\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-2\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>The Sahel has been ground zero.<\/p>\r\n<p>The playbook follows a consistent pattern. First, Russian-linked social media accounts amplify legitimate grievances - colonial history, failed Western interventions, jihadist violence that French forces couldn't stop. Then coordinated networks of fake accounts, paid influencers, and \"franchised\" local content creators flood platforms with pro-Russian, anti-French messaging. Finally, when coups occur, the same networks celebrate them as anti-colonial liberation.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-3\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-3\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>In Mali, the Digital Forensic Research Lab identified a network of Facebook pages that coordinated support for Wagner and the military junta in the months before France's withdrawal. The pages, ostensibly charity and community organizations, posted content in coordinated waves undermining French interests and mobilizing public support for authoritarian rule. One page focused on the broader Sahel began calling for \"revolution\" across the region.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-4\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-4\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>When Niger's coup came in July 2023, the infrastructure was already in place. Thousands marched through Niamey waving Russian flags, chanting Putin's name, and setting the French embassy door ablaze. Signs read \"Down with France, long live Putin.\" Russian content creators falsely claimed that ECOWAS was planning an invasion - a narrative debunked by ECOWAS leaders but widely believed.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-5\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-5\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>The Domino Chain<\/strong>\r\n<p>The sequence was remarkably consistent across all three countries.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Mali (2020-2022):<\/strong> Two coups in nine months. The junta expelled the French ambassador in January 2022. Wagner forces arrived, eventually numbering over 1,000. France withdrew Operation Barkhane in November 2022 after a decade of counterterrorism operations.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-6\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-6\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Burkina Faso (2022):<\/strong> Two coups in eight months. Captain Ibrahim Traore seized power in September 2022 amid protests that attacked the French embassy. By January 2023, the government had terminated defense agreements and demanded French withdrawal within a month.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-7\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-7\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Niger (2023):<\/strong> The presidential guard detained elected President Mohamed Bazoum in July. Anti-French protests erupted immediately, featuring Russian flags. France withdrew 1,500 troops by the end of the year. American forces followed, leaving Niger by August 2024.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-8\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-8\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>The false flag nature of some demonstrations was documented in real time. The Daily Beast identified at least six participants in a pro-Russian protest in Mali who were relatives of military officers - siblings, cousins, wives of soldiers. Participants admitted meeting at a military base in Kati to plan the event. \"Yes, it's true that we met in Kati to plan the demonstration,\" one admitted, \"but we did it because we believe the army means well for Mali.\"<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-9\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-9\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>The Alliance of Sahel States<\/strong>\r\n<p>On September 16, 2023, the three junta-led countries formalized their alignment by creating the Alliance of Sahel States (AES) - a mutual defense pact explicitly rejecting Western influence.<\/p>\r\n<p>The alliance deepened rapidly. In January 2024, all three announced withdrawal from ECOWAS, the regional economic bloc. In July 2024, they transformed the alliance into a full confederation with shared defense, economic integration, and plans for a common currency. On January 29, 2025, the withdrawal from ECOWAS became effective, ending fifty years of regional integration.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-10\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-10\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>The symbolism was deliberate. The AES unveiled a new flag featuring a map of the three countries without internal borders - explicitly rejecting what members called the \"colonial borders\" drawn at the 1884 Berlin Conference. They launched common biometric passports. They created a 5,000-strong joint military force.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-11\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-11\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>As one researcher noted, the juntas styled themselves as \"heralds of a new era in the Sahel,\" harboring the idea that military governments could handle insecurity more effectively than democracies.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-12\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-12\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Russia was quick to fill the vacuum. The Africa Corps - Wagner's successor under Russian Ministry of Defense control - deployed to all three countries. Russian Houses (cultural centers doubling as propaganda hubs) opened in Mali (June 2022), Burkina Faso (January 2024), and Niger (October 2024). RT announced plans for an English-language media center in South Africa to serve the continent.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-13\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-13\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>The Information Space<\/strong>\r\n<p>What happened to independent media in the Sahel illustrates how disinformation operations pave the way for authoritarian consolidation.<\/p>\r\n<p>Radio France International and France 24 were banned. Foreign journalists were expelled - including two French reporters removed from Burkina Faso in April 2023 following a coordinated smear campaign. Local journalists faced worse. \"To be a journalist in Niger is to sing the praises of the junta, to keep quiet, and to go into exile so as not to be jailed,\" one reporter told Forbidden Stories under condition of anonymity.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-14\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-14\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Le Monde documented that Russian agents were embedded in Burkina Faso's intelligence service by late 2023, helping the junta monitor opponents, run influence operations, and train local propagandists. Captain Traore's brothers, Inoussa and Kassoum, became so skilled at social media operations that they began running campaigns targeting neighboring governments like Ivory Coast.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-15\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-15\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>The model replicated what worked in Central African Republic. A whistleblower who fled CAR described being recruited to arrange pro-Russian experts on radio and write articles \"in part directly dictated by Russian intermediaries.\" Similar troll factories emerged across the Sahel, staffed by young people paid to monitor opponents and amplify regime narratives.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-16\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-16\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Two Russia-connected disinformation influencers alone have a combined social media following exceeding 28 million users. Their content is amplified by hundreds of Russian-linked accounts and pages in what researchers call \"a sprawling ecosystem\" of coordinated inauthentic behavior.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-17\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-17\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>The Results<\/strong>\r\n<p>The juntas promised security. They delivered catastrophe.<\/p>\r\n<p>Since France began withdrawing in 2022, conflict-related fatalities in the Sahel have risen by 65 percent according to the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED). By 2024, annual deaths had reached 25,000 - nearly five times the 5,400 recorded in 2017.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-18\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-18\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>About half of Burkina Faso lies beyond government control. In July 2024, dozens of soldiers from Mali's military and Russia's Wagner Group were killed in a devastating ambush by Tuareg rebels in northern Mali. Analysts warn Ouagadougou itself could fall to jihadist groups, with some fearing a \"Somali-like scenario\" where the national government controls only its embattled capital.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-19\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-19\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Nearly 2.9 million people were displaced by violence in the central Sahel in 2022 alone. Some 29 million require humanitarian assistance - 5 million of them children. The population fleeing Burkina Faso now seeks asylum as far as North Africa and Europe.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-20\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-20\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>The terrorism that supposedly justified the coups has only intensified. According to the Global Terrorism Index 2025, annual conflict-related deaths in the Sahel quintupled between 2017 and 2024. Neither ECOWAS nor France could stop this trajectory - but neither can Wagner or the Africa Corps.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-21\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-21\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>The Cognitive War<\/strong>\r\n<p>Russian disinformation in the Sahel exemplifies what military strategists call \"ambiguous warfare\" - amplifying grievances, exploiting divisions, and fostering fragmentation while maintaining plausible deniability.<\/p>\r\n<p>The objective, researchers note, is \"less to convince as to confuse\" - creating false equivalences between democratic and authoritarian actors, generating disillusionment and apathy. When citizens can't distinguish truth from manipulation, they become vulnerable to whoever controls the loudest megaphone.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-22\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-22\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>The grievances Russia exploits are real. French colonial history left deep wounds. Western military interventions failed to stop jihadist violence. Elected governments often proved corrupt and unresponsive. A 2021-2022 Afrobarometer survey found that while two-thirds of Africans prefer democracy, only 38 percent were satisfied with how it works in their countries.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-23\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-23\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Russia didn't create these frustrations. But by systematically amplifying them while offering military juntas as the alternative, Moscow helped ensure that legitimate demands for change produced outcomes serving Russian interests rather than African populations.<\/p>\r\n<p>As one Malian journalist told researchers: he feared Russia's online mercenaries, \"paid by the authorities to go on social media and paint you as someone who needs to be struck down.\"<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-24\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-24\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>The expelled French forces never solved the Sahel's security crisis. But their Russian replacements haven't either - they've only silenced those who might say so.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<strong>Sources<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\r\n<strong>Additional Reading<\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"[li_&amp;]:mb-0 [li_&amp;]:mt-1.5 [li_&amp;]:gap-1.5 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc flex flex-col gap-2 pl-8 mb-3\">\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Foreign Policy Research Institute, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fpri.org\/article\/2024\/07\/the-wests-loss-of-the-sahel-not-only-russias-doing\/\">\"The West's Loss of the Sahel: Not (only) Russia's Doing\"<\/a>, July 2024<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Al Jazeera, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/opinions\/2023\/8\/17\/french-mistakes-helped-create-africas-coup-belt\">\"French mistakes helped create Africa's coup belt\"<\/a>, August 2023<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Axios, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.axios.com\/2022\/10\/13\/france-west-africa-wagner-group-disinformation\">\"Inside the French effort to counter Russian mercenaries in Africa\"<\/a>, October 2022<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Africa Defense Forum, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/adf-magazine.com\/2024\/10\/russias-influence-machine\/\">\"Russia's Influence Machine\"<\/a>, October 2024<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\" data-footnotes=\"true\">\r\n<strong>Footnotes<\/strong>\r\n<ol class=\"[li_&amp;]:mb-0 [li_&amp;]:mt-1.5 [li_&amp;]:gap-1.5 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-decimal flex flex-col gap-2 pl-8 mb-3\">\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-1\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Africa Defense Forum, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/adf-magazine.com\/2024\/02\/russia-flooding-burkina-faso-with-disinformation\/\">\"Russia Flooding Burkina Faso With Disinformation\"<\/a>, February 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-1\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 1\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-2\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Africa Center for Strategic Studies, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africacenter.org\/spotlight\/mapping-a-surge-of-disinformation-in-africa\/\">\"Mapping a Surge of Disinformation in Africa\"<\/a>, March 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-2\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 2\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-3\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>PRIO, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.prio.org\/2023\/03\/soft-power-and-disinformation-the-strategic-role-of-media-in-wagners-expansion-in-africa\/\">\"Soft Power and Disinformation: The Strategic Role of Media in Wagner's Expansion in Africa\"<\/a>, March 2023. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-3\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 3\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-4\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>DFRLab, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/dfrlab\/pro-russian-facebook-assets-in-mali-coordinated-support-for-wagner-group-anti-democracy-protests-2abaac4d87c4\">\"Pro-Russian Facebook assets in Mali coordinated support for Wagner Group\"<\/a>, 2022. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-4\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 4\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-5\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>NPR, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2023\/07\/30\/1190969703\/supporters-of-nigers-coup-march-waving-russian-flags-and-denouncing-france\">\"Supporters of Niger's coup march waving Russian flags and denouncing France\"<\/a>, July 2023. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-5\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 5\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-6\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>France 24, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/live-news\/20230925-france-out-when-former-colonies-give-paris-the-boot\">\"'France out!' when former colonies give Paris the boot\"<\/a>, September 2023. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-6\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 6\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-7\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Al Jazeera, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2024\/4\/18\/burkina-faso-kicks-out-three-french\">\"Burkina Faso kicks out three French diplomats\"<\/a>, April 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-7\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 7\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-8\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>VOA News, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/kremlin-disinformation-campaigns-aim-to-discredit-french-military-in-the-sahel-analysts-say-\/7988010.html\">\"Kremlin disinformation campaigns aim to discredit French military in Sahel\"<\/a>, 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-8\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 8\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-9\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>The Daily Beast, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/pro-russia-demonstration-was-false-flag-operation-staged-by-mali-coup-plotters\/\">\"How These Mali Coup Plotters Staged a False Flag Pro-Russia March\"<\/a>, 2021. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-9\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 9\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-10\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Wikipedia, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alliance_of_Sahel_States\">\"Alliance of Sahel States\"<\/a>; Amani Africa, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/amaniafrica-et.org\/the-withdrawal-of-aes-from-ecowas-an-opportunity-for-re-evaluating-existing-instruments-for-regional-integration\/\">\"The Withdrawal of AES from ECOWAS\"<\/a>, January 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-10\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 10\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-11\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Modern Diplomacy, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/moderndiplomacy.eu\/2025\/02\/03\/alliance-of-sahel-states-stepping-forward-with-common-economic-and-security-aspirations\/\">\"Alliance of Sahel States Stepping Forward\"<\/a>, February 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-11\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 11\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-12\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Middle East Institute, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/shifting-sentiments-sahel-anti-france-or-pro-russia\">\"Shifting sentiments in the Sahel: Anti-France or pro-Russia?\"<\/a>, 2023. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-12\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 12\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-13\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Forbidden Stories, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/forbiddenstories.org\/propaganda-machine-russias-information-offensive-in-the-sahel\/\">\"Propaganda Machine: Russia's information offensive in the Sahel\"<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-13\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 13\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-14\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Forbidden Stories, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/forbiddenstories.org\/propaganda-machine-russias-information-offensive-in-the-sahel\/\">\"Propaganda Machine\"<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-14\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 14\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-15\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>ECFR, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/publication\/the-bear-and-the-bot-farm-countering-russian-hybrid-warfare-in-africa\/\">\"The bear and the bot farm: Countering Russian hybrid warfare in Africa\"<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-15\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 15\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-16\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>News24, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.news24.com\/southafrica\/debunking\/russian-propaganda-how-moscow-uses-disinformation-in-africa-20250205\">\"Russian propaganda: How Moscow uses disinformation in Africa\"<\/a>, February 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-16\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 16\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-17\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Africa Center for Strategic Studies, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africacenter.org\/spotlight\/mapping-a-surge-of-disinformation-in-africa\/\">\"Mapping a Surge of Disinformation in Africa\"<\/a>, March 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-17\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 17\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-18\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>VOA News, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/kremlin-disinformation-campaigns-aim-to-discredit-french-military-in-the-sahel-analysts-say-\/7988010.html\">\"Kremlin disinformation campaigns\"<\/a>, 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-18\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 18\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-19\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>ECFR, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/publication\/the-bear-and-the-bot-farm-countering-russian-hybrid-warfare-in-africa\/\">\"The bear and the bot farm\"<\/a>, 2024; Africa is a Country, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2025\/07\/after-the-coups\">\"After the coups\"<\/a>, July 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-19\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 19\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-20\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Middle East Institute, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/shifting-sentiments-sahel-anti-france-or-pro-russia\">\"Shifting sentiments in the Sahel\"<\/a>, 2023. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-20\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 20\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-21\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>World and New World Journal, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/worldnewworld.com\/page\/content.php?no=4816\">\"The withdrawal of Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger from ECOWAS\"<\/a>, 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-21\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 21\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-22\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Africa Center for Strategic Studies, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africacenter.org\/spotlight\/mapping-disinformation-in-africa\/\">\"Mapping Disinformation in Africa\"<\/a>, 2022. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-22\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 22\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-23\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Wilson Center, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/blog-post\/consequences-russian-disinformation-examples-burkina-faso\">\"The Consequences of Russian Disinformation: Examples in Burkina Faso\"<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-23\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 23\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-24\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Forbidden Stories, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/forbiddenstories.org\/propaganda-machine-russias-information-offensive-in-the-sahel\/\">\"Propaganda Machine\"<\/a>, 2024.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/section>","_eng_post_name":"day11_french_expulsion","_eng_post_excerpt":"","_eng_post_title":"Day 11: The French Expulsion","_bel_post_content":"\u0420\u044d\u0433\u0456\u0451\u043d: \ud83c\uddf2\ud83c\uddf1\ud83c\udde7\ud83c\uddeb\ud83c\uddf3\ud83c\uddea \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0456, \u0411\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0456\u043d\u0430-\u0424\u0430\u0441\u043e, \u041d\u0456\u0433\u0435\u0440\r\n<p>\u0417\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0456 \u0442\u044b\u0434\u043d\u044f\u045e \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u045e \u0411\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0456\u043d\u0430-\u0424\u0430\u0441\u043e \u045e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0456 2022 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0430\u0434\u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0448\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0430\u0435 \u045e Facebook. \u0423\u0437\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0437\u0435\u044f\u043d\u043d\u0435 \u0437 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0456\u043a\u0430\u0446\u044b\u044f\u043c\u0456, \u044f\u043a\u0456\u044f \u0437\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0456 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0443 \u0412\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430 6363 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044d\u043d\u0442\u044b. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0456 \u0437'\u044f\u045e\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0446\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0456\u044f \u0441\u0446\u044f\u0433\u0456. \u041d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u045e\u043f\u044b \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0456 \u00ab\u0414\u0430\u043b\u043e\u045e \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044b\u044e, \u0445\u0430\u0439 \u0436\u044b\u0432\u0435 \u041f\u0443\u0446\u0456\u043d\u00bb.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-1\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-1\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u045e\u0441\u044f. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044f\u0433\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0456\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0430\u045e 400 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0456\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u045e\u0446\u0430\u045e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0456 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043d\u044b\u044f. \u0413\u044d\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0446\u044d\u043d\u0430\u0440 \u0443\u0436\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u045e\u0441\u044f \u045e \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0456. \u0401\u043d \u043f\u0430\u045e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0446\u0446\u0430 \u045e \u041d\u0456\u0433\u0435\u0440\u044b. \u0414\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0443 2025 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u044b\u0441\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0446\u044c \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044b\u0456 \u045e \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u0456 - \u044f\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0442\u0440\u044b\u043c\u043b\u0456\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0434\u0437\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u0433\u0430\u0434\u043e\u045e - \u0446\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0443\u0445\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0430.<\/p>\r\n<p>\u0413\u044d\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u0413\u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0440\u044d\u0436\u044b\u0441\u0456\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0421\u0446\u044d\u043d\u0430\u0440<\/strong>\r\n<p>\u0410\u0444\u0440\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0456 \u0446\u044d\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044d\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f\u045e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u045e 189 \u0434\u044d\u0437\u0456\u043d\u0444\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u044b\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0439, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0456\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044c \u0430\u0444\u0440\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 - \u0430\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c \u0443 \u0447\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448, \u0447\u044b\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0432\u044b\u044f\u045e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u045e 2022 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0456\u044f \u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0435 80 \u0437 \u0456\u0445, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435 \u0430\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c 40 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044d\u043d\u0442\u0430\u045e \u0443\u0441\u0456\u0445 \u0434\u044d\u0437\u0456\u043d\u0444\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u044b\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044b\u0439 \u0443 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u044b\u0446\u044b, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0456\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448 \u0447\u044b\u043c 22 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0456\u043d\u044b.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-2\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-2\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u045e \u044d\u043f\u0456\u0446\u044d\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043c.<\/p>\r\n<p>\u0421\u0446\u044d\u043d\u0430\u0440 \u0456\u0434\u0437\u0435 \u043f\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043e\u045e\u043d\u0430\u0439 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0435. \u0421\u043f\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b\u044f \u0437 \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0456\u044f\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u045e\u043d\u0442\u044b \u045e \u0441\u0430\u0446\u044b\u044f\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0443\u0437\u043c\u0430\u0446\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0446\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u044f \u043a\u0440\u044b\u045e\u0434\u044b - \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0456\u044f\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0433\u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u044e, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0456\u044f \u0456\u043d\u0442\u044d\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b\u0456, \u0434\u0436\u044b\u0445\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0441\u0446\u043a\u0430\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0456\u043b\u043b\u0435, \u044f\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0456\u044f \u0441\u0456\u043b\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043b\u0456 \u0441\u043f\u044b\u043d\u0456\u0446\u044c. \u041f\u043e\u0442\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0456 \u0444\u044d\u0439\u043a\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u045e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u045e, \u0430\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0456\u043d\u0444\u043b\u044e\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0430\u045e \u0456 \u00ab\u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0448\u044b\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445\u00bb \u043c\u044f\u0441\u0446\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456\u043a\u0430\u045e \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044d\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u045e\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0446\u044c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0456\u043c\u0456, \u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b\u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0456\u043c\u0456 \u043f\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c\u0456. \u041d\u0430\u0440\u044d\u0448\u0446\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0456 \u0430\u0434\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0446\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u044b\u044f \u0436 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0456 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0443\u044e\u0446\u044c \u0456\u0445 \u044f\u043a \u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0456\u044f\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-3\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-3\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u0423 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0456 Digital Forensic Research Lab \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u0456\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043a Facebook, \u044f\u043a\u0456\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0456 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0442\u0440\u044b\u043c\u043a\u0443 \u0412\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0456 \u0432\u0430\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0439 \u0445\u0443\u043d\u0442\u044b \u045e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0434 \u0430\u0434\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044b\u0456. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0456, \u043d\u0456\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0447\u044b\u043d\u043d\u044b\u044f \u0456 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0456\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u044b\u0456, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0456\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0456 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044d\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0456 \u0445\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0456, \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0447\u044b \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0456\u044f \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044d\u0441\u044b \u0456 \u043c\u0430\u0431\u0456\u043b\u0456\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0447\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0442\u0440\u044b\u043c\u043a\u0443 \u0430\u045e\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u045e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f. \u0410\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0430, \u0430\u0440\u044b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0448\u044b\u0440\u044d\u0439\u0448\u044b \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u043f\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0456\u043a\u0430\u0446\u044c \u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u0440\u044d\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044e\u0446\u044b\u0456\u00bb \u043f\u0430 \u045e\u0441\u0456\u043c \u0440\u044d\u0433\u0456\u0451\u043d\u0435.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-4\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-4\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u041a\u0430\u043b\u0456 \u045e \u043b\u0456\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0456 2023 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0430\u0434\u0431\u044b\u045e\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u0443 \u041d\u0456\u0433\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0456\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u045e\u0436\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f. \u0422\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u044b \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0448\u043b\u0456 \u043f\u0430 \u041d\u0456\u044f\u043c\u0435\u044e, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0447\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0456\u043c\u0456 \u0441\u0446\u044f\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0456, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0447\u044b \u0456\u043c\u044f \u041f\u0443\u0446\u0456\u043d\u0430 \u0456 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u043f\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0447\u044b \u0434\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0456\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u0414\u0430\u043b\u043e\u045e \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044b\u044e, \u0445\u0430\u0439 \u0436\u044b\u0432\u0435 \u041f\u0443\u0446\u0456\u043d\u00bb. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0456\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456\u043a\u0456 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044d\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u0456\u043b\u0436\u044b\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0446\u0432\u044f\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0456, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u042d\u041a\u041e\u0412\u0410\u0421 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u045e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435 - \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b\u045e, \u0430\u0431\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b \u043b\u0456\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0456 \u042d\u041a\u041e\u0412\u0410\u0421, \u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0448\u044b\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u045e\u0441\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u044b.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-5\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-5\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u041b\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0440\u044d\u0430\u043a\u0446\u044b\u044f<\/strong>\r\n<p>\u041f\u0430\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043e\u045e\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0446\u044c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0437\u0456\u045e\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0439 \u0432\u0430 \u045e\u0441\u0456\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0456\u043d\u0430\u0445.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>\u041c\u0430\u043b\u0456 (2020-2022):<\/strong> \u0414\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0437\u0435\u0432\u044f\u0446\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0430\u045e. \u0425\u0443\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u045e \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0456 2022 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u044b\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0456 \u0441\u0456\u043b\u044b \u0412\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0443 \u0440\u044d\u0448\u0446\u0435 \u0440\u044d\u0448\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0447\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0447\u044b \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448 \u0437\u0430 1000 \u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043a. \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044b\u044e \u00ab\u0411\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u043d\u00bb \u0443 \u043b\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0437\u0435 2022 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0437\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0456\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0437\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b\u0442\u044d\u0440\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044b\u0439.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-6\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-6\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>\u0411\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0456\u043d\u0430-\u0424\u0430\u0441\u043e (2022):<\/strong> \u0414\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0430\u045e. \u041a\u0430\u043f\u0456\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0406\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0456\u043c \u0422\u0440\u0430\u043e\u0440\u044d \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0430\u043f\u0456\u045e \u0443\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u045e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0456 2022 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u045e, \u044f\u043a\u0456\u044f \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0456 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0414\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043d\u044f 2023 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u045e\u0440\u0430\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u045e \u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u0456 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0430\u045e \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0456\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u045e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044f\u0433\u0443 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0430.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-7\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-7\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>\u041d\u0456\u0433\u0435\u0440 (2023):<\/strong> \u041f\u0440\u044d\u0437\u0456\u0434\u044d\u043d\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u044d\u0437\u0456\u0434\u044d\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0445\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u0411\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0430 \u045e \u043b\u0456\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0456. \u0410\u043d\u0442\u044b\u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0456\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044d\u0441\u0442\u044b \u045e\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0445\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0456 \u043d\u0435\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430, \u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0456\u043c\u0456 \u0441\u0446\u044f\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0456. \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0430 1500 \u0432\u0430\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0447\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0456\u044f \u0441\u0456\u043b\u044b \u043f\u0430\u0439\u0448\u043b\u0456 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043c, \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0456\u043d\u0443\u045e\u0448\u044b \u041d\u0456\u0433\u0435\u0440 \u0434\u0430 \u0436\u043d\u0456\u045e\u043d\u044f 2024 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-8\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-8\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u041f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043d\u044b \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0440 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u044d\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u045e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u045e \u0440\u044d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0435. The Daily Beast \u0456\u0434\u044d\u043d\u0442\u044b\u0444\u0456\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u045e \u044f\u043a \u043c\u0456\u043d\u0456\u043c\u0443\u043c \u0448\u0430\u0441\u0446\u0451\u0445 \u0443\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456\u043a\u0430\u045e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044d\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u045e \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0456, \u044f\u043a\u0456\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0456 \u0441\u0432\u0430\u044f\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0456 \u0432\u0430\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0444\u0456\u0446\u044d\u0440\u0430\u045e - \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0456, \u0441\u0451\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0456, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0456, \u0436\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0456 \u0441\u0430\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0442. \u0423\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456\u043a\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u044b\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0456, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u045e \u041a\u0430\u0446\u0456 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044b\u0435\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u00ab\u0422\u0430\u043a, \u0433\u044d\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u045e\u0434\u0430, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u043c\u044b \u0441\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0441\u044f \u045e \u041a\u0430\u0446\u0456, \u043a\u0430\u0431 \u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0446\u044c \u0434\u044d\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044b\u044e, - \u043f\u0440\u044b\u0437\u043d\u0430\u045e \u0430\u0434\u0437\u0456\u043d \u0437 \u0456\u0445, - \u0430\u043b\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0456\u043b\u0456 \u0433\u044d\u0442\u0430, \u0442\u0430\u043c\u0443 \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b\u043c, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0456\u044f \u0436\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0456\u00bb.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-9\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-9\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0410\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441 \u0434\u0437\u044f\u0440\u0436\u0430\u045e \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u044f<\/strong>\r\n<p>16 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044f 2023 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u044b \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0456\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u0456\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b\u044f \u0445\u0443\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0456, \u0430\u0444\u0456\u0446\u044b\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0456\u043b\u0456 \u0441\u0432\u0430\u0451 \u0430\u0431'\u044f\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435, \u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044b\u045e\u0448\u044b \u0410\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441 \u0434\u0437\u044f\u0440\u0436\u0430\u045e \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u044f (\u0410\u0414\u0421) - \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442 \u0430\u0431 \u0443\u0437\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0439 \u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0434\u0432\u044f\u0440\u0433\u0430\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0456 \u045e\u043f\u043b\u044b\u045e.<\/p>\r\n<p>\u0410\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441 \u0445\u0443\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0433\u043b\u044b\u0431\u043b\u044f\u045e\u0441\u044f. \u0423 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0456 2024 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u045e\u0441\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u044b \u0430\u0431\u0432\u044f\u0441\u0446\u0456\u043b\u0456 \u0430\u0431 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u0430\u0434\u0437\u0435 \u0437 \u042d\u041a\u041e\u0412\u0410\u0421, \u0440\u044d\u0433\u0456\u044f\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0443. \u0423 \u043b\u0456\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0456 2024 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u044f\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u045e\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043b\u0456 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441 \u0443 \u043f\u043e\u045e\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0434\u044d\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044b\u044e \u0437 \u0441\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0439 \u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0439, \u044d\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0430\u0439 \u0456\u043d\u0442\u044d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044b\u044f\u0439 \u0456 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0456 \u0430\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044e\u0442\u044b. 29 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043d\u044f 2025 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u0430\u0434 \u0437 \u042d\u041a\u041e\u0412\u0410\u0421 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0456\u045e \u0443 \u0441\u0456\u043b\u0443, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0440\u0448\u044b\u045e\u0448\u044b \u043f\u044f\u0446\u044c\u0434\u0437\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u0433\u0430\u0434\u043e\u045e \u0440\u044d\u0433\u0456\u044f\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u0439 \u0456\u043d\u0442\u044d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044b\u0456.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-10\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-10\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u0421\u0456\u043c\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437\u043c \u0431\u044b\u045e \u043d\u0430\u045e\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u0410\u0414\u0421 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0456\u045e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0441\u0446\u044f\u0433 \u0437 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0456\u043d \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0443\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0430\u045e - \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0434\u0432\u044f\u0440\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0447\u044b \u0442\u043e\u0435, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0456 \u00ab\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0456\u044f\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0456 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043c\u0456\u00bb, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0456 \u043d\u0430 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0456\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044d\u043d\u0446\u044b\u0456 1884 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u042f\u043d\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0446\u0456\u043b\u0456 \u0430\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u044f \u0431\u0456\u044f\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0448\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b. \u042f\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043b\u0456 \u0441\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u044f \u045e\u0437\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u044b\u044f \u0441\u0456\u043b\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0446\u044e 5000 \u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043a.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-11\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-11\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u042f\u043a \u0430\u0434\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u044b\u045e \u0430\u0434\u0437\u0456\u043d \u0434\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0447\u044b\u043a, \u0445\u0443\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0430\u0437\u0456\u0446\u044b\u044f\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0456 \u0441\u044f\u0431\u0435 \u044f\u043a \u00ab\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043d\u043e\u045e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0439 \u044d\u0440\u044b \u045e \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u0456\u00bb, \u043b\u0456\u0447\u0430\u0447\u044b, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u044f \u045e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0446\u044c \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0456\u0446\u0446\u0430 \u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u044f\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448 \u044d\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b\u045e\u043d\u0430, \u0447\u044b\u043c \u0434\u044d\u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0456.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-12\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-12\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0456\u044f \u0445\u0443\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u045e\u043d\u0456\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0443\u043c. \u0410\u0444\u0440\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0456 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441 - \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0456\u043a \u0412\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0434 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041c\u0456\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044d\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0456\u0456 - \u0431\u044b\u045e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b \u0432\u0430 \u045e\u0441\u0456\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0456\u043d\u0430\u0445. \u0420\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0456\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043c\u044b (\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u044f \u0446\u044d\u043d\u0442\u0440\u044b, \u044f\u043a\u0456\u044f \u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0446\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b\u0441\u0446\u043a\u0456\u043c\u0456 \u0445\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043c\u0456) \u0430\u0434\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u0456\u0441\u044f \u045e \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0456 (\u0447\u044d\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c 2022), \u0411\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0456\u043d\u0430-\u0424\u0430\u0441\u043e (\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043d\u044c 2024) \u0456 \u041d\u0456\u0433\u0435\u0440\u044b (\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0456\u043a 2024). RT \u0430\u0431\u0432\u044f\u0441\u0446\u0456\u045e \u0430\u0431 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044d\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0430\u043c\u043e\u045e\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u044b\u044f\u0446\u044d\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u045e \u041f\u0430\u045e\u0434\u043d\u0451\u0432\u0430\u0439 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u044b\u0446\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433\u043e\u045e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-13\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-13\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0406\u043d\u0444\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u044b\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430<\/strong>\r\n<p>\u0422\u043e\u0435, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0456 \u0421\u041c\u0406 \u045e \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u0456, \u0456\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0435, \u044f\u043a \u0434\u044d\u0437\u0456\u043d\u0444\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u044b\u0439\u043d\u044b\u044f \u0430\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044b\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0446\u044c \u0448\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u0430\u045e\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0434\u0430\u0446\u044b\u0456.<\/p>\r\n<p>Radio France International \u0456 France 24 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0456 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b. \u0417\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u044f \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0456 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043d\u044b\u044f - \u0443\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0447\u044b \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0456\u0445 \u0440\u044d\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0451\u0440\u0430\u045e, \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437 \u0411\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0456\u043d\u0430-\u0424\u0430\u0441\u043e \u045e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u0456\u043a\u0443 2023 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0456 \u043f\u0430 \u0456\u0445 \u0434\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044d\u0434\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0446\u044b\u0456. \u041c\u044f\u0441\u0446\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u044f\u0448\u0447\u044d \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0448. \u00ab\u0411\u044b\u0446\u044c \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0443 \u041d\u0456\u0433\u0435\u0440\u044b - \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u044b\u0446\u044c \u0441\u043f\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0446\u044c \u0445\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0443 \u0445\u0443\u043d\u0446\u0435, \u043c\u0430\u045e\u0447\u0430\u0446\u044c \u0446\u0456 \u0430\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0456\u0446\u0446\u0430 \u045e \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u0431 \u043d\u0435 \u0430\u043f\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0446\u0446\u0430 \u045e \u0442\u0443\u0440\u043c\u0435\u00bb, - \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u045e \u0430\u0434\u0437\u0456\u043d \u0440\u044d\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0451\u0440 Forbidden Stories \u043d\u0430 \u045e\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0456\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0446\u0456.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-14\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-14\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Le Monde \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0430 2023 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0456\u044f \u0430\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0456 \u045e\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0451\u043d\u044b\u044f \u045e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u0411\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0456\u043d\u0430-\u0424\u0430\u0441\u043e, \u0434\u0430\u043f\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0447\u044b \u0445\u0443\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0430\u0434\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430\u0446\u044c \u0430\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u045e, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0456\u0446\u044c \u0430\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044b\u0456 \u045e\u043f\u043b\u044b\u0432\u0443 \u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0446\u044c \u043c\u044f\u0441\u0446\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u045e. \u0411\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0456\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0422\u0440\u0430\u043e\u0440\u044d, \u0406\u043d\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0456 \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0443\u043c, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0456 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0456 \u045e \u0430\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044b\u044f\u0445 \u0443 \u0441\u0430\u0446\u044b\u044f\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0456\u0446\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0456, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0456\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b\u044f \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044c \u0441\u0443\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0456\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u045e, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0456\u0445 \u044f\u043a \u041a\u043e\u0442-\u0434'\u0406\u0432\u0443\u0430\u0440.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-15\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-15\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u041c\u0430\u0434\u044d\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0430\u045e\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0435, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u045e \u0426\u044d\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u0430\u0444\u0440\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0439 \u0420\u044d\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0456\u0446\u044b. \u0406\u043d\u0444\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0437\u0431\u0435\u0433 \u0437 \u0426\u0410\u0420, \u0430\u043f\u0456\u0441\u0430\u045e, \u044f\u043a \u044f\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0456 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u044b\u0456 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u045e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0456\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u045e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0451 \u0456 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0456\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0430\u045e, \u00ab\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0434\u044b\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0456\u043c\u0456 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u044f\u0440\u044d\u0434\u043d\u0456\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0456\u00bb. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043d\u044b\u044f \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044b\u043a\u0456 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0437'\u044f\u0432\u0456\u043b\u0456\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0430 \u045e\u0441\u0456\u043c \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u0456, \u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u043c\u0456 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0437\u044c\u043c\u0456, \u044f\u043a\u0456\u043c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043b\u0456 \u0437\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043d\u0433 \u0430\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u045e \u0456 \u045e\u0437\u043c\u0430\u0446\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u044d\u0436\u044b\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u045e.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-16\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-16\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u0422\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0456 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b\u044f \u0437 \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0456\u044f\u0439 \u0456\u043d\u0444\u043b\u044e\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u044b \u045e \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0434\u044d\u0437\u0456\u043d\u0444\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u044b\u0456 \u043c\u0430\u044e\u0446\u044c \u0441\u0443\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0430\u045e\u0434\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u044e \u045e \u0441\u0430\u0446\u044b\u044f\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448 \u0437\u0430 28 \u043c\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0451\u043d\u0430\u045e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456\u043a\u0430\u045e. \u0406\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044d\u043d\u0442 \u0443\u0437\u043c\u0430\u0446\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0446\u0446\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044f\u043c\u0456 \u0437\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437 \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0456\u044f\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u045e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u045e \u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0443 \u0442\u044b\u043c, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0447\u044b\u043a\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0446\u044c \u00ab\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0456\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044d\u043c\u0430\u0439\u00bb \u043a\u0430\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0456\u043d.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-17\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-17\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0412\u044b\u043d\u0456\u043a\u0456<\/strong>\r\n<p>\u0425\u0443\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0430\u0431\u044f\u0446\u0430\u043b\u0456 \u0431\u044f\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0443. \u042f\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0456 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0443.<\/p>\r\n<p>\u0417 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044b\u0456 \u045e 2022 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0446\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0456\u043d\u0443\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0456\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0443 \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u0456 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430 65 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044d\u043d\u0442\u0430\u045e, \u043f\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0435 Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED). \u0414\u0430 2024 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0448\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0434\u0430\u0441\u044f\u0433\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0456 25 000 - \u0430\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c \u0443 \u043f\u044f\u0446\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u045e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448, \u0447\u044b\u043c 5400 \u0443 2017 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-18\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-18\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u041a\u0430\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0411\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0456\u043d\u0430-\u0424\u0430\u0441\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0456\u0446\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u0430-\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0437\u044f\u0440\u0436\u0430\u045e\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c. \u0423 \u043b\u0456\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0456 2024 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u0437\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0456 \u0441\u0430\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0456\u044f\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0456\u0456 \u0456 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u044b \u0412\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0456 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0456\u0442\u044b\u044f \u045e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0437\u0435 \u0442\u0443\u0430\u0440\u044d\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0456\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u045e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0430\u045e \u0443 \u043f\u0430\u045e\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0456. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0442\u044b\u043a\u0456 \u043f\u0430\u043f\u044f\u0440\u044d\u0434\u0436\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0446\u044c, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0423\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0433\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0446\u0456 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0434 \u0434\u0436\u044b\u0445\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0441\u0446\u043a\u0456\u043c\u0456 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043e\u045e\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0456, \u043d\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u044f \u0431\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0446\u0430 \u00ab\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0441\u0446\u044d\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u00bb, \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u044b\u044f\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b \u045e\u0440\u0430\u0434 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044e\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0456 \u0441\u0432\u0430\u044e \u0430\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0446\u0443.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-19\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-19\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u0410\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c 2,9 \u043c\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0451\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0456 \u0432\u044b\u043c\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0456\u043d\u0443\u0446\u044c \u0441\u0432\u0430\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043c\u044b \u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0456\u043b\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0456 \u045e \u0446\u044d\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u0456 \u045e 2022 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435. \u041a\u0430\u043b\u044f 29 \u043c\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0451\u043d\u0430\u045e \u043c\u0430\u044e\u0446\u044c \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u044d\u0431\u0443 \u045e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043f\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0437\u0435 - 5 \u043c\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0451\u043d\u0430\u045e \u0437 \u0456\u0445 \u0434\u0437\u0435\u0446\u0456. \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456\u0446\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u044f\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u044f\u0436\u044b\u0446\u044c \u0437 \u0411\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0456\u043d\u0430-\u0424\u0430\u0441\u043e, \u0446\u044f\u043f\u0435\u0440 \u0448\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0443\u043b\u043a\u0443 \u0430\u0436 \u0434\u0430 \u041f\u0430\u045e\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u0439 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u044b\u043a\u0456 \u0456 \u0415\u045e\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-20\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-20\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u0422\u044d\u0440\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0437\u043c, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u043d\u0456\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0430 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u045e\u0434\u0432\u0430\u045e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0456 \u045e\u0437\u043c\u0430\u0446\u043d\u0456\u045e\u0441\u044f. \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0435 \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u044d\u043a\u0441\u0443 \u0442\u044d\u0440\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0437\u043c\u0443 2025, \u0448\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u044f \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0456, \u0437\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b\u044f \u0437 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0456\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0456 \u045e \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u0456, \u043f\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043b\u0456\u0447\u044b\u043b\u0456\u0441\u044f \u045e \u043f\u044f\u0446\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u045e \u043f\u0430\u043c\u0456\u0436 2017 \u0456 2024 \u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0456. \u041d\u0456 \u042d\u041a\u041e\u0412\u0410\u0421, \u043d\u0456 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044b\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043c\u0430\u0433\u043b\u0456 \u0441\u043f\u044b\u043d\u0456\u0446\u044c \u0433\u044d\u0442\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u044e - \u0430\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0456 \u0412\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0440, \u043d\u0456 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0456 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0446\u044c.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-21\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-21\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u041a\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0456\u0442\u044b\u045e\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0430<\/strong>\r\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u044d\u0437\u0456\u043d\u0444\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u044b\u044f \u045e \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u0456 \u0456\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0435, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044d\u0433\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0446\u044c \u00ab\u043d\u0435\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0430\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439\u00bb - \u0443\u0437\u043c\u0430\u0446\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u044b\u045e\u0434, \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u044b\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0441\u044f\u045e \u0456 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u044b\u044f\u043d\u043d\u0435 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u044b\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u045e\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0430\u045e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f.<\/p>\r\n<p>\u041c\u044d\u0442\u0430, \u0430\u0434\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0446\u044c \u0434\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0447\u044b\u043a\u0456, \u00ab\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0456 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0446\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0456 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0446\u044c\u00bb - \u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0447\u044b \u0456\u043b\u0436\u044b\u0432\u044b\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0432\u0456\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0446\u0456 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u0456\u0436 \u0434\u044d\u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0456 \u0456 \u0430\u045e\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0456 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0456, \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0447\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435 \u0456 \u0430\u043f\u0430\u0442\u044b\u044e. \u041a\u0430\u043b\u0456 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0437\u044f\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0446\u044c \u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0456\u0446\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u045e\u0434\u0443 \u0430\u0434 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0456\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u044b\u0456, \u044f\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0446\u0446\u0430 \u045e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0456\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0456 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0434 \u0442\u044b\u043c, \u0445\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044e\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b \u0433\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0440.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-22\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-22\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u041a\u0440\u044b\u045e\u0434\u044b, \u044f\u043a\u0456\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0435 \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0456\u044f, \u0440\u044d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u044f. \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0456\u044f\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0456\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u044b\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0456\u044f \u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b. \u0417\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0456\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u044f \u0456\u043d\u0442\u044d\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b\u0456 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043b\u0456 \u0441\u043f\u044b\u043d\u0456\u0446\u044c \u0434\u0436\u044b\u0445\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0441\u0446\u043a\u0430\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0456\u043b\u043b\u0435. \u0410\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b\u044f \u045e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u044b \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0443\u043c\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0456 \u0456 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043c\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438. \u0414\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435 Afrobarometer 2021-2022 \u0433\u0430\u0434\u043e\u045e \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0446\u044c \u0434\u0437\u0432\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u044d\u0446\u0456 \u0430\u0444\u0440\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0430\u045e \u0430\u0434\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0446\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0433\u0443 \u0434\u044d\u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0456, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0456 38 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044d\u043d\u0442\u0430\u045e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0442\u044b\u043c, \u044f\u043a \u044f\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0443\u0435 \u045e \u0456\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0456\u043d\u0430\u0445.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-23\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-23\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0456\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u044d\u0442\u044b\u044f \u0444\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044b\u0456. \u0410\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044d\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u045e\u0437\u043c\u0430\u0446\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0447\u044b \u0456\u0445 \u0456 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u045e\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0447\u044b \u0432\u0430\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u044f \u0445\u0443\u043d\u0442\u044b \u045e \u044f\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0446\u0456 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u044d\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u044b, \u041c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043f\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044f\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u044b\u0446\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u0431 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u045e \u043f\u0440\u044b\u0432\u044f\u043b\u0456 \u0434\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0456\u043a\u0430\u045e, \u044f\u043a\u0456\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0446\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0456\u043c \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044d\u0441\u0430\u043c, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0430\u0444\u0440\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456\u0446\u0442\u0432\u0443.<\/p>\r\n<p>\u042f\u043a \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u045e \u0434\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0447\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0430\u0434\u0437\u0456\u043d \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0456\u044f\u0441\u043a\u0456 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0441\u0442: \u0451\u043d \u0431\u0430\u044f\u045e\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0456\u0445 \u0430\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0439\u043d-\u043d\u0430\u0439\u043c\u0456\u0442\u0430\u045e, \u00ab\u044f\u043a\u0456\u043c \u0443\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0446\u044f\u0446\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u0431 \u044f\u043d\u044b \u0445\u0430\u0434\u0437\u0456\u043b\u0456 \u045e \u0441\u0430\u0446\u044b\u044f\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0456 \u0456 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0456 \u0446\u044f\u0431\u0435 \u044f\u043a \u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u044f\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u044d\u0431\u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0456\u0448\u0447\u044b\u0446\u044c\u00bb.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-24\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-24\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043d\u044b\u044f \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0456\u044f \u0441\u0456\u043b\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0456 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0448\u044b\u043b\u0456 \u043a\u0440\u044b\u0437\u0456\u0441 \u0431\u044f\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0456 \u045e \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043b\u0456. \u0410\u043b\u0435 \u0456\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0456\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0448\u044b\u043b\u0456 - \u044f\u043d\u044b \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0443\u0441\u0456\u043b\u0456 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043e\u045e\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0446\u044c \u0442\u044b\u0445, \u0445\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0446\u044c.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<strong>\u041a\u0440\u044b\u043d\u0456\u0446\u044b<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0414\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0435 \u0447\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435<\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"[li_&amp;]:mb-0 [li_&amp;]:mt-1.5 [li_&amp;]:gap-1.5 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc flex flex-col gap-2 pl-8 mb-3\">\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Foreign Policy Research Institute, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fpri.org\/article\/2024\/07\/the-wests-loss-of-the-sahel-not-only-russias-doing\/\">\"The West's Loss of the Sahel: Not (only) Russia's Doing\"<\/a>, \u043b\u0456\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c 2024<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Al Jazeera, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/opinions\/2023\/8\/17\/french-mistakes-helped-create-africas-coup-belt\">\"French mistakes helped create Africa's coup belt\"<\/a>, \u0436\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c 2023<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Axios, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.axios.com\/2022\/10\/13\/france-west-africa-wagner-group-disinformation\">\"Inside the French effort to counter Russian mercenaries in Africa\"<\/a>, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0456\u043a 2022<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Africa Defense Forum, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/adf-magazine.com\/2024\/10\/russias-influence-machine\/\">\"Russia's Influence Machine\"<\/a>, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0456\u043a 2024<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\" data-footnotes=\"true\">\r\n<strong>Footnotes<\/strong>\r\n<ol class=\"[li_&amp;]:mb-0 [li_&amp;]:mt-1.5 [li_&amp;]:gap-1.5 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-decimal flex flex-col gap-2 pl-8 mb-3\">\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-1\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Africa Defense Forum, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/adf-magazine.com\/2024\/02\/russia-flooding-burkina-faso-with-disinformation\/\">\"Russia Flooding Burkina Faso With Disinformation\"<\/a>, \u043b\u044e\u0442\u044b 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-1\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 1\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-2\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Africa Center for Strategic Studies, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africacenter.org\/spotlight\/mapping-a-surge-of-disinformation-in-africa\/\">\"Mapping a Surge of Disinformation in Africa\"<\/a>, \u0441\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0456\u043a 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-2\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 2\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-3\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>PRIO, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.prio.org\/2023\/03\/soft-power-and-disinformation-the-strategic-role-of-media-in-wagners-expansion-in-africa\/\">\"Soft Power and Disinformation: The Strategic Role of Media in Wagner's Expansion in Africa\"<\/a>, \u0441\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0456\u043a 2023. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-3\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 3\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-4\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>DFRLab, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/dfrlab\/pro-russian-facebook-assets-in-mali-coordinated-support-for-wagner-group-anti-democracy-protests-2abaac4d87c4\">\"Pro-Russian Facebook assets in Mali coordinated support for Wagner Group\"<\/a>, 2022. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-4\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 4\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-5\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>NPR, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2023\/07\/30\/1190969703\/supporters-of-nigers-coup-march-waving-russian-flags-and-denouncing-france\">\"Supporters of Niger's coup march waving Russian flags and denouncing France\"<\/a>, \u043b\u0456\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c 2023. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-5\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 5\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-6\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>France 24, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/live-news\/20230925-france-out-when-former-colonies-give-paris-the-boot\">\"'France out!' when former colonies give Paris the boot\"<\/a>, \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043d\u044c 2023. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-6\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 6\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-7\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Al Jazeera, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2024\/4\/18\/burkina-faso-kicks-out-three-french\">\"Burkina Faso kicks out three French diplomats\"<\/a>, \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u0456\u043a 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-7\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 7\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-8\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>VOA News, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/kremlin-disinformation-campaigns-aim-to-discredit-french-military-in-the-sahel-analysts-say-\/7988010.html\">\"Kremlin disinformation campaigns aim to discredit French military in Sahel\"<\/a>, 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-8\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 8\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-9\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>The Daily Beast, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/pro-russia-demonstration-was-false-flag-operation-staged-by-mali-coup-plotters\/\">\"How These Mali Coup Plotters Staged a False Flag Pro-Russia March\"<\/a>, 2021. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-9\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 9\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-10\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Wikipedia, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alliance_of_Sahel_States\">\"Alliance of Sahel States\"<\/a>; Amani Africa, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/amaniafrica-et.org\/the-withdrawal-of-aes-from-ecowas-an-opportunity-for-re-evaluating-existing-instruments-for-regional-integration\/\">\"The Withdrawal of AES from ECOWAS\"<\/a>, \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043d\u044c 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-10\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 10\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-11\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Modern Diplomacy, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/moderndiplomacy.eu\/2025\/02\/03\/alliance-of-sahel-states-stepping-forward-with-common-economic-and-security-aspirations\/\">\"Alliance of Sahel States Stepping Forward\"<\/a>, \u043b\u044e\u0442\u044b 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-11\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 11\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-12\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Middle East Institute, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/shifting-sentiments-sahel-anti-france-or-pro-russia\">\"Shifting sentiments in the Sahel: Anti-France or pro-Russia?\"<\/a>, 2023. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-12\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 12\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-13\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Forbidden Stories, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/forbiddenstories.org\/propaganda-machine-russias-information-offensive-in-the-sahel\/\">\"Propaganda Machine: Russia's information offensive in the Sahel\"<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-13\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 13\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-14\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Forbidden Stories, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/forbiddenstories.org\/propaganda-machine-russias-information-offensive-in-the-sahel\/\">\"Propaganda Machine\"<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-14\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 14\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-15\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>ECFR, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/publication\/the-bear-and-the-bot-farm-countering-russian-hybrid-warfare-in-africa\/\">\"The bear and the bot farm: Countering Russian hybrid warfare in Africa\"<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-15\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 15\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-16\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>News24, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.news24.com\/southafrica\/debunking\/russian-propaganda-how-moscow-uses-disinformation-in-africa-20250205\">\"Russian propaganda: How Moscow uses disinformation in Africa\"<\/a>, \u043b\u044e\u0442\u044b 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-16\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 16\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-17\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Africa Center for Strategic Studies, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africacenter.org\/spotlight\/mapping-a-surge-of-disinformation-in-africa\/\">\"Mapping a Surge of Disinformation in Africa\"<\/a>, \u0441\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0456\u043a 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-17\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 17\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-18\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>VOA News, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/kremlin-disinformation-campaigns-aim-to-discredit-french-military-in-the-sahel-analysts-say-\/7988010.html\">\"Kremlin disinformation campaigns\"<\/a>, 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-18\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 18\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-19\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>ECFR, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/publication\/the-bear-and-the-bot-farm-countering-russian-hybrid-warfare-in-africa\/\">\"The bear and the bot farm\"<\/a>, 2024; Africa is a Country, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2025\/07\/after-the-coups\">\"After the coups\"<\/a>, \u043b\u0456\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-19\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 19\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-20\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Middle East Institute, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/shifting-sentiments-sahel-anti-france-or-pro-russia\">\"Shifting sentiments in the Sahel\"<\/a>, 2023. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-20\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 20\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-21\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>World and New World Journal, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/worldnewworld.com\/page\/content.php?no=4816\">\"The withdrawal of Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger from ECOWAS\"<\/a>, 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-21\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 21\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-22\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Africa Center for Strategic Studies, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africacenter.org\/spotlight\/mapping-disinformation-in-africa\/\">\"Mapping Disinformation in Africa\"<\/a>, 2022. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-22\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 22\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-23\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Wilson Center, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/blog-post\/consequences-russian-disinformation-examples-burkina-faso\">\"The Consequences of Russian Disinformation: Examples in Burkina Faso\"<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-23\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 23\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-24\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Forbidden Stories, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/forbiddenstories.org\/propaganda-machine-russias-information-offensive-in-the-sahel\/\">\"Propaganda Machine\"<\/a>, 2024<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/section>","_bel_post_name":"day11_french_expulsion","_bel_post_excerpt":"","_bel_post_title":"\u0414\u0437\u0435\u043d\u044c 11: \u0412\u044b\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044b\u0456","_lt_post_content":"<strong>Regionas:<\/strong> \ud83c\uddf2\ud83c\uddf1\ud83c\udde7\ud83c\uddeb\ud83c\uddf3\ud83c\uddea Malis, Burkina Fasas, Nigeris\r\n<p>Kelias savaites prie\u0161 2022 m. rugs\u0117jo perversm\u0105 Burkina Fase Facebook \u012fvyko ka\u017ekas ne\u012fprasto. \u012esitraukimas \u012f \u012fra\u0161us, kuriuose minima Wagnerio grup\u0117, i\u0161augo 6363 procentais. Protestuose prad\u0117jo rodytis Rusijos v\u0117liavos. Minios skandavo \u201e\u0160alin Pranc\u016bzij\u0105, tegyvuoja Putinas\".<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-1\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-1\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Perversmas pavyko. Per kelis m\u0117nesius 400 Pranc\u016bzijos speciali\u0173j\u0173 paj\u0117g\u0173 kari\u0173 buvo i\u0161vyta. Scenarijus jau buvo pasikarto\u0119s Malyje. Jis pasikartos Nigeryje. Iki 2025 m. prad\u017eios Pranc\u016bzijos karinis buvimas Sahelyje - palaikomas beveik septyniasde\u0161imt met\u0173 - visi\u0161kai \u017elugo.<\/p>\r\n<p>Tai nebuvo spontani\u0161ka. Tai buvo sure\u017eisuota.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>Scenarijus<\/strong>\r\n<p>Afrikos strategini\u0173 studij\u0173 centras u\u017efiksavo 189 dezinformacijos kampanijas, nukreiptas prie\u0161 Afrikos \u017eemyn\u0105 - beveik keturis kartus daugiau nei nustatyta 2022 m. Rusija remia 80 i\u0161 j\u0173, o tai sudaro beveik 40 procent\u0173 vis\u0173 dezinformacijos operacij\u0173 Afrikoje, nukreipt\u0173 \u012f daugiau nei 22 \u0161alis.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-2\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-2\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Sahelis tapo epicentru.<\/p>\r\n<p>Scenarijus vyksta nuoseklia schema. Pirmiausia su Rusija susij\u0119 socialini\u0173 tinkl\u0173 paskyros sustiprina teis\u0117tus nusiskundimus - kolonijin\u0119 istorij\u0105, nepavykusias Vakar\u0173 intervencijas, d\u017eihadist\u0173 smurt\u0105, kurio Pranc\u016bzijos paj\u0117gos negal\u0117jo sustabdyti. Tada koordinuoti netikr\u0173 paskyr\u0173, apmokam\u0173 \u012ftaking\u0173 asmen\u0173 ir \u201efran\u0161izuot\u0173\" vietini\u0173 turinio k\u016br\u0117j\u0173 tinklai u\u017etvindo platformas prorusi\u0161kais, antipranc\u016bzi\u0161kais prane\u0161imais. Galiausiai, kai \u012fvyksta perversmai, tie patys tinklai \u0161ven\u010dia juos kaip antikolonijin\u012f i\u0161sivadavim\u0105.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-3\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-3\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Malyje Skaitmenini\u0173 teismo tyrim\u0173 laboratorija (DFRLab) nustat\u0117 Facebook puslapi\u0173 tinkl\u0105, kuris koordinavo param\u0105 Wagneriui ir karinei chuntai m\u0117nesiais prie\u0161 Pranc\u016bzijos pasitraukim\u0105. Puslapiai, tariamai labdaros ir bendruomen\u0117s organizacijos, skelb\u0117 turin\u012f koordinuotomis bangomis, kenkdami Pranc\u016bzijos interesams ir mobilizuodami visuomen\u0117s param\u0105 autoritariniam valdymui. Vienas puslapis, orientuotas \u012f platesn\u012f Sahel\u012f, prad\u0117jo raginti \u201erevoliucij\u0105\" visame regione.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-4\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-4\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Kai 2023 m. liep\u0105 Nigeryje \u012fvyko perversmas, infrastrukt\u016bra jau buvo paruo\u0161ta. T\u016bkstan\u010diai \u017eygiavo per Niam\u0117j\u0173, mojuodami Rusijos v\u0117liavomis, skanduodami Putino vard\u0105 ir padegdami Pranc\u016bzijos ambasados duris. Plakatuose buvo para\u0161yta \u201e\u0160alin Pranc\u016bzij\u0105, tegyvuoja Putinas\". Rusijos turinio k\u016br\u0117jai melagingai teig\u0117, kad ECOWAS planavo invazij\u0105 - naratyv\u0105, kur\u012f paneig\u0117 ECOWAS lyderiai, bet kuris buvo pla\u010diai tikimas.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-5\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-5\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>Grandinin\u0117 reakcija<\/strong>\r\n<p>Seka buvo steb\u0117tinai vienoda visose trijose \u0161alyse.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Malis (2020-2022):<\/strong> Du perversmai per devynis m\u0117nesius. Chunta i\u0161var\u0117 Pranc\u016bzijos ambasadori\u0173 2022 m. saus\u012f. Atvyko Wagnerio paj\u0117gos, galiausiai siekian\u010dios daugiau nei 1000. Pranc\u016bzija i\u0161ved\u0117 operacij\u0105 \u201eBarkhane\" 2022 m. lapkrit\u012f po de\u0161imtme\u010dio kovos su terorizmu operacij\u0173.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-6\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-6\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Burkina Fasas (2022):<\/strong> Du perversmai per a\u0161tuonis m\u0117nesius. Kapitonas Ibrahimas Traor\u0117 u\u017egrob\u0117 vald\u017ei\u0105 2022 m. rugs\u0117j\u012f tarp protest\u0173, kurie puol\u0117 Pranc\u016bzijos ambasad\u0105. Iki 2023 m. sausio vyriausyb\u0117 nutrauk\u0117 gynybos sutartis ir pareikalavo Pranc\u016bzijos kari\u0173 i\u0161vedimo per m\u0117nes\u012f.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-7\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-7\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Nigeris (2023):<\/strong> Prezidento gvardija sulaik\u0117 i\u0161rinkt\u0105 prezident\u0105 Mohamed\u0105 Bazoum\u0105 liep\u0105. Antipranc\u016bzi\u0161ki protestai i\u0161kart \u012fsipliesk\u0117 su Rusijos v\u0117liavomis. Pranc\u016bzija i\u0161ved\u0117 1500 kari\u0173 iki met\u0173 pabaigos. Amerikos paj\u0117gos sek\u0117 paskui, palikdamos Niger\u012f iki 2024 m. rugpj\u016b\u010dio.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-8\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-8\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Kai kuri\u0173 demonstracij\u0173 inscenizuotas pob\u016bdis buvo u\u017efiksuotas realiu laiku. The Daily Beast identifikavo ma\u017eiausiai \u0161e\u0161is prorusi\u0161ko protesto Malyje dalyvius, kurie buvo karini\u0173 pareig\u016bn\u0173 giminai\u010diai - broliai, seserys, pusbroliai, kareivi\u0173 \u017emonos. Dalyviai pripa\u017eino, kad susitiko karin\u0117je baz\u0117je Kati renginiui planuoti. \u201eTaip, tiesa, kad susitikome Kati planuoti demonstracij\u0105, - pripa\u017eino vienas, - bet padar\u0117me tai, nes tikime, kad armija nori gero Maliui\".<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-9\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-9\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sahelio valstybi\u0173 aljansas<\/strong>\r\n<p>2023 m. rugs\u0117jo 16 d. trys chunt\u0173 valdomos \u0161alys oficialiai \u012fformino savo susivienijim\u0105, sukurdamos Sahelio valstybi\u0173 aljans\u0105 (SVA) - savitarpio gynybos pakt\u0105, atvirai atmetant\u012f Vakar\u0173 \u012ftak\u0105.<\/p>\r\n<p>Aljansas greitai gil\u0117jo. 2024 m. saus\u012f visos trys paskelb\u0117 apie pasitraukim\u0105 i\u0161 ECOWAS, regioninio ekonominio bloko. 2024 m. liep\u0105 jos pavert\u0117 aljans\u0105 pilna konfederacija su bendra gynyba, ekonomine integracija ir bendros valiutos planais. 2025 m. sausio 29 d. pasitraukimas i\u0161 ECOWAS \u012fsigaliojo, u\u017ebaigdamas penkiasde\u0161imt met\u0173 regionin\u0117s integracijos.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-10\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-10\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Simbolika buvo ty\u010din\u0117. SVA pristat\u0117 nauj\u0105 v\u0117liav\u0105 su trij\u0173 \u0161ali\u0173 \u017eem\u0117lapiu be vidini\u0173 sien\u0173 - atvirai atmesdamas tai, k\u0105 nariai vadino \u201ekolonijin\u0117mis sienomis\", nubr\u0117\u017etomis 1884 m. Berlyno konferencijoje. Jie paleido bendrus biometrinius pasus. Jie suk\u016br\u0117 5000 kari\u0173 jungtines ginkluot\u0105sias paj\u0117gas.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-11\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-11\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Kaip pa\u017eym\u0117jo vienas tyr\u0117jas, chuntos pozicionavo save kaip \u201enaujos eros Sahelyje \u0161auklius\", tik\u0117damos, kad karin\u0117s vyriausyb\u0117s gali efektyviau susidoroti su nesaugumu nei demokratijos.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-12\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-12\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Rusija greitai u\u017epild\u0117 vakuum\u0105. Afrikos korpusas - Wagnerio \u012fp\u0117dinis Rusijos gynybos ministerijos kontrol\u0117je - buvo dislokuotas visose trijose \u0161alyse. Rus\u0173 namai (kult\u016bros centrai, kartu veikiantys kaip propagandos centrai) atsidar\u0117 Malyje (2022 m. bir\u017eelis), Burkina Fase (2024 m. sausis) ir Nigeryje (2024 m. spalis). RT paskelb\u0117 apie planus \u012fsteigti anglakalb\u012f medij\u0173 centr\u0105 Piet\u0173 Afrikoje aptarnauti \u017eemyn\u0105.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-13\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-13\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>Informacin\u0117 erdv\u0117<\/strong>\r\n<p>Tai, kas nutiko nepriklausomai \u017einiasklaidai Sahelyje, iliustruoja, kaip dezinformacijos operacijos atveria keli\u0105 autoritarinei konsolidacijai.<\/p>\r\n<p>Radio France International ir France 24 buvo u\u017edraustos. U\u017esienio \u017eurnalistai buvo i\u0161vyti - \u012fskaitant du Pranc\u016bzijos reporterius, pa\u0161alintus i\u0161 Burkina Faso 2024 m. baland\u012f po koordinuotos \u0161mei\u017eto kampanijos. Vietiniams \u017eurnalistams buvo dar blogiau. \u201eB\u016bti \u017eurnalistu Nigeryje rei\u0161kia giedoti chuntai \u0161lov\u0119, tyl\u0117ti arba eiti \u012f tremt\u012f, kad neatsidurtum kal\u0117jime\", - Forbidden Stories anonimi\u0161kai sak\u0117 vienas reporteris.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-14\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-14\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Le Monde u\u017efiksavo, kad iki 2023 m. pabaigos Rusijos agentai buvo infiltruoti \u012f Burkina Faso \u017evalgybos tarnyb\u0105, pad\u0117dami chuntai steb\u0117ti oponentus, vykdyti \u012ftakos operacijas ir mokyti vietinius propagandistus. Kapitono Traor\u0117 broliai Inoussa ir Kassoumas tapo tokie \u012fgud\u0119 socialini\u0173 tinkl\u0173 operacijose, kad prad\u0117jo vykdyti kampanijas, nukreiptas prie\u0161 kaimynines vyriausybes, tokias kaip Dramblio Kaulo Krantas.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-15\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-15\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Modelis kartojo tai, kas veik\u0117 Centrin\u0117s Afrikos Respublikoje. Informatorius, pab\u0117g\u0119s i\u0161 CAR, apra\u0161\u0117, kaip j\u012f verbavo organizuoti prorusi\u0161k\u0173 ekspert\u0173 pasirodymus radijuje ir ra\u0161yti straipsnius, \u201ei\u0161 dalies tiesiogiai diktuotus Rusijos tarpinink\u0173\". Pana\u0161ios troli\u0173 fabrikos atsirado visame Sahelyje, \u012fdarbindamos jaunus \u017emones, kuriems mok\u0117jo u\u017e oponent\u0173 steb\u0117jim\u0105 ir re\u017eimo naratyv\u0173 stiprinim\u0105.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-16\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-16\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Vien du su Rusija susij\u0119 dezinformacijos \u012ftakingi asmenys turi bendr\u0105 socialini\u0173 tinkl\u0173 auditorij\u0105, vir\u0161ijan\u010di\u0105 28 milijonus vartotoj\u0173. J\u0173 turin\u012f sustiprina \u0161imtai su Rusija susijusi\u0173 paskyr\u0173 ir puslapi\u0173 tame, k\u0105 tyr\u0117jai vadina \u201ei\u0161si\u0161akojusia ekosistema\" koordinuoto neautenti\u0161ko elgesio.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-17\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-17\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>Rezultatai<\/strong>\r\n<p>Chuntos \u017ead\u0117jo saugum\u0105. Jos atne\u0161\u0117 katastrof\u0105.<\/p>\r\n<p>Nuo tada, kai Pranc\u016bzija prad\u0117jo trauktis 2022 m., su konfliktais susijusi\u0173 mir\u010di\u0173 skai\u010dius Sahelyje i\u0161augo 65 procentais, pagal Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED). Iki 2024 m. metin\u0117s aukos pasiek\u0117 25 000 - beveik penkis kartus daugiau nei 5400 2017 m.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-18\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-18\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Apie pus\u0117 Burkina Faso yra u\u017e vyriausyb\u0117s kontrol\u0117s rib\u0173. 2024 m. liep\u0105 de\u0161imtys Malio kariuomen\u0117s ir Rusijos Wagnerio grup\u0117s kareivi\u0173 buvo nu\u017eudyti pra\u017e\u016btingoje tuareg\u0173 sukil\u0117li\u0173 pasaloje \u0161iaur\u0117s Malyje. Analitikai \u012fsp\u0117ja, kad pati Uagadugu gali kristi d\u017eihadist\u0173 grup\u0117ms, kai kurie baiminasi \u201eSomalio scenarijaus\", kai nacionalin\u0117 vyriausyb\u0117 kontroliuoja tik savo apgult\u0105 sostin\u0119.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-19\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-19\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Beveik 2,9 milijono \u017emoni\u0173 buvo priversti palikti savo namus d\u0117l smurto vien centriniame Sahelyje 2022 m. Apie 29 milijonai reikia humanitarin\u0117s pagalbos - 5 milijonai i\u0161 j\u0173 vaikai. Gyventojai, b\u0117gantys i\u0161 Burkina Faso, dabar ie\u0161ko prieglobs\u010dio net \u0160iaur\u0117s Afrikoje ir Europoje.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-20\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-20\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Terorizmas, kuris tariamai pateisin\u0117 perversmus, tik sustipr\u0117jo. Pagal Pasaulin\u012f terorizmo indeks\u0105 2025, metin\u0117s su konfliktais susijusios mirtys Sahelyje padaug\u0117jo penkis kartus nuo 2017 iki 2024 m. Nei ECOWAS, nei Pranc\u016bzija negal\u0117jo sustabdyti \u0161ios trajektorijos - bet nei Wagneris, nei Afrikos korpusas taip pat negali.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-21\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-21\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>Kognityvinis karas<\/strong>\r\n<p>Rusijos dezinformacija Sahelyje iliustruoja tai, k\u0105 kariniai strategai vadina \u201edviprasmi\u0161ku karu\" - nusiskundim\u0173 stiprinimas, skilim\u0173 i\u0161naudojimas ir fragmentacijos skatinimas, i\u0161laikant tik\u0117tin\u0105 neigim\u0105.<\/p>\r\n<p>Tikslas, pa\u017eymi tyr\u0117jai, yra \u201ene tiek \u012ftikinti, kiek supainioti\" - kuriant klaidingus ekvivalentus tarp demokratini\u0173 ir autoritarini\u0173 veik\u0117j\u0173, kuriant nusivylim\u0105 ir apatij\u0105. Kai pilie\u010diai negali atskirti tiesos nuo manipuliacijos, jie tampa pa\u017eeid\u017eiami tam, kas kontroliuoja garsiausi\u0105 megafon\u0105.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-22\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-22\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Nusiskundimai, kuriuos i\u0161naudoja Rusija, yra tikri. Pranc\u016bzijos kolonijin\u0117 istorija paliko gilias \u017eaizdas. Vakar\u0173 karin\u0117s intervencijos nesugeb\u0117jo sustabdyti d\u017eihadist\u0173 smurto. I\u0161rinktos vyriausyb\u0117s da\u017enai pasirod\u0117 korumpuotos ir nereaguojan\u010dios. 2021-2022 m. Afrobarometer tyrimas parod\u0117, kad nors du tre\u010ddaliai afrikie\u010di\u0173 teikia pirmenyb\u0119 demokratijai, tik 38 procentai patenkinti tuo, kaip ji veikia j\u0173 \u0161alyse.<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-23\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-23\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>Rusija nesuk\u016br\u0117 \u0161i\u0173 frustracij\u0173. Bet sistemingai jas stiprindama ir si\u016blydama karines chuntas kaip alternatyv\u0105, Maskva pad\u0117jo u\u017etikrinti, kad teis\u0117ti poky\u010di\u0173 reikalavimai atne\u0161t\u0173 rezultatus, tarnaujan\u010dius Rusijos interesams, o ne Afrikos gyventojams.<\/p>\r\n<p>Kaip vienas Malio \u017eurnalistas sak\u0117 tyr\u0117jams: jis bijojo Rusijos internetini\u0173 samdini\u0173, \u201ekuriems vald\u017eia moka eiti \u012f socialinius tinklus ir pie\u0161ti tave kaip \u017emog\u0173, kur\u012f reikia sunaikinti\".<sup><a id=\"user-content-fnref-24\" class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"#user-content-fn-24\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p>I\u0161vytos Pranc\u016bzijos paj\u0117gos niekada nei\u0161sprend\u0117 Sahelio saugumo kriz\u0117s. Bet j\u0173 rusi\u0161ki pakaitalai taip pat nei\u0161sprend\u0117 - jie tik nutild\u0117 tuos, kurie gal\u0117t\u0173 apie tai pasakyti.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0160altiniai<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\r\n<strong>Papildoma literat\u016bra<\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"[li_&amp;]:mb-0 [li_&amp;]:mt-1.5 [li_&amp;]:gap-1.5 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc flex flex-col gap-2 pl-8 mb-3\">\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Foreign Policy Research Institute, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fpri.org\/article\/2024\/07\/the-wests-loss-of-the-sahel-not-only-russias-doing\/\">\"The West's Loss of the Sahel: Not (only) Russia's Doing\"<\/a>, 2024 m. liepa<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Al Jazeera, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/opinions\/2023\/8\/17\/french-mistakes-helped-create-africas-coup-belt\">\"French mistakes helped create Africa's coup belt\"<\/a>, 2023 m. rugpj\u016btis<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Axios, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.axios.com\/2022\/10\/13\/france-west-africa-wagner-group-disinformation\">\"Inside the French effort to counter Russian mercenaries in Africa\"<\/a>, 2022 m. spalis<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">Africa Defense Forum, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/adf-magazine.com\/2024\/10\/russias-influence-machine\/\">\"Russia's Influence Machine\"<\/a>, 2024 m. spalis<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<section class=\"footnotes\" data-footnotes=\"true\">\r\n<strong>Footnotes<\/strong>\r\n<ol class=\"[li_&amp;]:mb-0 [li_&amp;]:mt-1.5 [li_&amp;]:gap-1.5 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-decimal flex flex-col gap-2 pl-8 mb-3\">\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-1\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Africa Defense Forum, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/adf-magazine.com\/2024\/02\/russia-flooding-burkina-faso-with-disinformation\/\">\"Russia Flooding Burkina Faso With Disinformation\"<\/a>, 2024 m. vasaris. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-1\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 1\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-2\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Africa Center for Strategic Studies, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africacenter.org\/spotlight\/mapping-a-surge-of-disinformation-in-africa\/\">\"Mapping a Surge of Disinformation in Africa\"<\/a>, 2024 m. kovas. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-2\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 2\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-3\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>PRIO, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.prio.org\/2023\/03\/soft-power-and-disinformation-the-strategic-role-of-media-in-wagners-expansion-in-africa\/\">\"Soft Power and Disinformation: The Strategic Role of Media in Wagner's Expansion in Africa\"<\/a>, 2023 m. kovas. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-3\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 3\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-4\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>DFRLab, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/dfrlab\/pro-russian-facebook-assets-in-mali-coordinated-support-for-wagner-group-anti-democracy-protests-2abaac4d87c4\">\"Pro-Russian Facebook assets in Mali coordinated support for Wagner Group\"<\/a>, 2022. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-4\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 4\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-5\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>NPR, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2023\/07\/30\/1190969703\/supporters-of-nigers-coup-march-waving-russian-flags-and-denouncing-france\">\"Supporters of Niger's coup march waving Russian flags and denouncing France\"<\/a>, 2023 m. liepa. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-5\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 5\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-6\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>France 24, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/live-news\/20230925-france-out-when-former-colonies-give-paris-the-boot\">\"'France out!' when former colonies give Paris the boot\"<\/a>, 2023 m. rugs\u0117jis. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-6\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 6\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-7\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Al Jazeera, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2024\/4\/18\/burkina-faso-kicks-out-three-french\">\"Burkina Faso kicks out three French diplomats\"<\/a>, 2024 m. balandis. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-7\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 7\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-8\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>VOA News, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/kremlin-disinformation-campaigns-aim-to-discredit-french-military-in-the-sahel-analysts-say-\/7988010.html\">\"Kremlin disinformation campaigns aim to discredit French military in Sahel\"<\/a>, 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-8\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 8\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-9\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>The Daily Beast, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/pro-russia-demonstration-was-false-flag-operation-staged-by-mali-coup-plotters\/\">\"How These Mali Coup Plotters Staged a False Flag Pro-Russia March\"<\/a>, 2021. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-9\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 9\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-10\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Wikipedia, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alliance_of_Sahel_States\">\"Alliance of Sahel States\"<\/a>; Amani Africa, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/amaniafrica-et.org\/the-withdrawal-of-aes-from-ecowas-an-opportunity-for-re-evaluating-existing-instruments-for-regional-integration\/\">\"The Withdrawal of AES from ECOWAS\"<\/a>, 2025 m. sausis. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-10\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 10\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-11\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Modern Diplomacy, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/moderndiplomacy.eu\/2025\/02\/03\/alliance-of-sahel-states-stepping-forward-with-common-economic-and-security-aspirations\/\">\"Alliance of Sahel States Stepping Forward\"<\/a>, 2025 m. vasaris. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-11\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 11\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-12\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Middle East Institute, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/shifting-sentiments-sahel-anti-france-or-pro-russia\">\"Shifting sentiments in the Sahel: Anti-France or pro-Russia?\"<\/a>, 2023. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-12\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 12\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-13\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Forbidden Stories, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/forbiddenstories.org\/propaganda-machine-russias-information-offensive-in-the-sahel\/\">\"Propaganda Machine: Russia's information offensive in the Sahel\"<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-13\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 13\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-14\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Forbidden Stories, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/forbiddenstories.org\/propaganda-machine-russias-information-offensive-in-the-sahel\/\">\"Propaganda Machine\"<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-14\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 14\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-15\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>ECFR, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/publication\/the-bear-and-the-bot-farm-countering-russian-hybrid-warfare-in-africa\/\">\"The bear and the bot farm: Countering Russian hybrid warfare in Africa\"<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-15\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 15\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-16\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>News24, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.news24.com\/southafrica\/debunking\/russian-propaganda-how-moscow-uses-disinformation-in-africa-20250205\">\"Russian propaganda: How Moscow uses disinformation in Africa\"<\/a>, 2025 m. vasaris. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-16\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 16\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-17\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Africa Center for Strategic Studies, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africacenter.org\/spotlight\/mapping-a-surge-of-disinformation-in-africa\/\">\"Mapping a Surge of Disinformation in Africa\"<\/a>, 2024 m. kovas. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-17\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 17\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-18\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>VOA News, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/kremlin-disinformation-campaigns-aim-to-discredit-french-military-in-the-sahel-analysts-say-\/7988010.html\">\"Kremlin disinformation campaigns\"<\/a>, 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-18\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 18\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-19\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>ECFR, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/publication\/the-bear-and-the-bot-farm-countering-russian-hybrid-warfare-in-africa\/\">\"The bear and the bot farm\"<\/a>, 2024; Africa is a Country, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2025\/07\/after-the-coups\">\"After the coups\"<\/a>, 2025 m. liepa. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-19\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 19\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-20\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Middle East Institute, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/shifting-sentiments-sahel-anti-france-or-pro-russia\">\"Shifting sentiments in the Sahel\"<\/a>, 2023. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-20\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 20\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-21\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>World and New World Journal, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/worldnewworld.com\/page\/content.php?no=4816\">\"The withdrawal of Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger from ECOWAS\"<\/a>, 2025. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-21\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 21\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-22\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Africa Center for Strategic Studies, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/africacenter.org\/spotlight\/mapping-disinformation-in-africa\/\">\"Mapping Disinformation in Africa\"<\/a>, 2022. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-22\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 22\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-23\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Wilson Center, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/blog-post\/consequences-russian-disinformation-examples-burkina-faso\">\"The Consequences of Russian Disinformation: Examples in Burkina Faso\"<\/a>, 2024. <a class=\"underline data-footnote-backref\" href=\"#user-content-fnref-23\" data-footnote-backref=\"\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 23\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"user-content-fn-24\" class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\">\r\n<p>Forbidden Stories, <a class=\"underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current\/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current\" href=\"https:\/\/forbiddenstories.org\/propaganda-machine-russias-information-offensive-in-the-sahel\/\">\"Propaganda Machine\"<\/a>, 2024<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/section>","_lt_post_name":"day11_french_expulsion","_lt_post_excerpt":"","_lt_post_title":"11 diena: Pranc\u016bzijos i\u0161varymas","edit_language":"lt","footnotes":""},"categories":[4,1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/factcheck.lt\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4464"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/factcheck.lt\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/factcheck.lt\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/factcheck.lt\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/factcheck.lt\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4464"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/factcheck.lt\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4464\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4466,"href":"https:\/\/factcheck.lt\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4464\/revisions\/4466"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/factcheck.lt\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4465"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/factcheck.lt\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4464"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/factcheck.lt\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4464"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/factcheck.lt\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4464"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}